France

Countries using French system: Guadeloupe; Martinique; New Caledonia; Reunion; French Guyana; French Polynesia; Monaco.

INSTITUTION TYPES & CREDENTIALS
Types of higher education institutions:
Université (University)
Institut universitaire de Technologie (IUT) (University Institute of Technology)
Institut national polytechnique (National Polytechnic Institute)
Grand Etablissement (Higher Establishment)
Ecole normale supérieure (Higher Teacher Training College)
Ecole d'Ingénieur (School of Engineering)
Grande Ecole de Commerce et de Gestion (Advanced College of Commerce & Business Administration)
Grande Ecole scientifique (Advanced Scientific College)
Ecole d'Architecture (School of Architecture)
Etablissement d'Enseignement supérieur catholique (Catholic Higher Education Institution)
Etablissement d'Enseignement supérieur artistique (Art Institution of Higher Education)
Etablissement d'Enseignement supérieur agricole (Agricultural Institution of Higher Education)
Ecole nationale vétérinaire (National Veterinary School)
Institut d'Etudes politiques (Political Studies Institute)
Institut universitaire de Formation des Maîtres (Teacher Training University Institute)
Lycée

School leaving and higher education credentials:
Baccalauréat
Capacité en Droit
Diplôme d' Accès aux Etudes universitaires (DAEU)
Brevet de Technicien supérieur (BTS)
Diplôme de Technicien
Certificat
Classe préparatoire aux Grandes Ecoles (CPGE)
Diplôme d'Etudes universitaires de Technicien supérieur (DEUTS)
Diplôme d'Etudes universitaires générales (DEUG)
Diplôme d'Etudes universitaires professionnalisées (DEUP)
Diplôme d'Etudes universitaires scientifiques et techniques (DEUST)
Diplôme d'Université Premier Cycle
Diplôme Premier Cycle
Diplôme universitaire de Technologie (DUT)
Diplôme d'Université Deuxième Cycle
Diplôme national de Technologie spécialisé (DNTS)
Licence
Licence professionnelle
Diplôme
Diplôme d'Ecole de Commerce et Gestion
Diplôme d'Etat
Diplôme d'Etudes supérieures
Diplôme d'Ingénieur
Maîtrise
Maîtrise de Sciences de Gestion (MSG)
Maîtrise de Sciences et Techniques (MST)
Maîtrise des Méthodes informatiques appliquées à la Gestion (MIAGE)
Diplôme d'Etat de Docteur
Diplôme d'Etudes supérieures spécialisées (DESS)
Magistère
Mastaire
Master
Mastère spécialisé
Diplôme d'Etudes approfondies (DEA)
Diplôme de Recherche technologique (DRT)
Certificat d'Etudes approfondies
Certificat d'Etudes supérieures
Diplôme d'Université Troisième Cycle
Diplôme de Spécialisation
Doctorat
Doctorat d'Université
Certificat de Spécialité
Habilitation à Diriger les Recherches


STRUCTURE OF EDUCATION SYSTEM
Pre-higher education:
Duration of compulsory education:
Age of entry: 6
Age of exit: 16
Structure of school system:
Primary
Type of school providing this education: Ecole Primaire
Length of program in years: 5
Age level from: 6 to: 11
Lower Secondary
Type of school providing this education: Collège
Length of program in years: 4
Age level from: 11 to: 15
Certificate/diploma awarded: Brevet des Collèges
Upper Secondary
Type of school providing this education: Lycée d'Enseignement général et technologique
Length of program in years: 3
Age level from: 15 to: 18
Certificate/diploma awarded: Baccalauréat général or Baccalauréat technologique
Vocational
Type of school providing this education: Lycée professionnel
Length of program in years: 2
Age level from: 15 to: 17
Certificate/diploma awarded: Certificat d'Aptitude professionnelle (CAP) Or Brevet d'Etudes professionnelles (BEP)
Professional
Type of school providing this education: Lycée professionnel
Length of program in years: 2
Age level from: 17 to: 19
Certificate/diploma awarded: Baccalauréat professionnel
School education:
Primary education lasts for five years. After lower secondary education (lasting four years), pupils may opt either for general/technological education in lycées preparing for the Baccalauréat or the Baccalauréat technologique in three years; or for technical/vocational education in lycées professionnels preparing first for the Certificat d'Aptitude professionnelle (CAP) or the Brevet d'Etudes professionnelles (BEP) in two years and then, for those who want to continue, for the Baccalauréat professionnel in two more years.
Higher education:
Higher education in France is characterized by a dual system : it is provided in universities (including Instituts nationaux polytechniques) open to a large number of students, whose programmes are generally geared towards research and its applications and in Grandes Ecoles and other professional higher education institutions with selective admission policies. Whereas most institutions come under the responsibility of the Ministry of Youth, Education and Research, some Grandes Ecoles come under other Ministries. Universities are made up of units offering curricula in academic fields and of various institutes and schools - such as the IUT - offering courses in Engineering and Technology and special programmes in Management, Political Science, Languages and Physical Education, the IUFM (Instituts Universitaires de Formation des Maîtres) which offer training courses for primary and secondary schools teachers, the IUP (Instituts Universitaires Professionalisés) which offer technological courses and practical training with an introduction to research and foreign languages. The Grandes Ecoles offer a high standard of professional education in three or more years after two years of preparatory classes and the passing of a very selective competitive entrance examination. They offer scientific training, teacher training or advanced business studies. Five Catholic higher education institutes prepare for either national and professional diplomas or for church diplomas. National diplomas are conferred by universities.
Main laws/decrees governing higher education:
Decree: Law #84-52 Year: 1984
Concerns: New Doctorate
Decree: Law #85-1371 Year: 1985
Decree: Law #89-486 Year: 1989
Decree: Loi du 12 Juillet 87 Year: 1875
Concerns: Private higher education
Academic year:
Classes from: Sep to: Jun
Long vacation from: 1 Jul to: 15 Sep
Languages of instruction: French
Stages of studies:
Non-university level post-secondary studies (technical/vocational type):
Non-university level: Technical/vocational:
Short-study courses last for two years after the Baccalauréat and lead to a terminal diploma : Brevet de Technicien supérieur (BTS), a national diploma awarded in vocational and service areas. Courses are provided in Lycées; Diplôme universitaire de technologie (DUT) offered in Instituts universitaires de Technologie to train middle-level managers in Industry and Commerce; Diplôme d'Etudes universitaires scientifiques et techniques (DEUST) offered in various fields related to national or regional needs. DUT and DEUST diplomas are offered in University institutions and are equivalent to a first cycle in a University. A DUT graduate may, in some cases, pursue higher studies leading to the Licence and other degrees.

University level studies:
University level first stage: Premier Cycle (2 years):
The first cycle of long study courses corresponds to basic training in a specific field. It leads, two years after the Baccalauréat, to the Diplôme d'Etudes universitaires générales (DEUG) with mention of the major field of study. In Medicine, the first cycle is called PCEM. Two years in Classes Préparatoires aux Grandes Ecoles (CPGE) are required to enter a Grande Ecole. In Instituts Universitaires Professionnalisés (IUP), the first cycle is called DEUP (Diplôme d'Etudes Universitaires Professionnalisées).
University level second stage: Deuxième Cycle (2 years):
The second cycle normally leads after one year to the Licence and after another to the Maîtrise. In professional fields, the following Maîtrises are awarded two years after the DEUG : Maîtrise des Sciences et Techniques (MST), Maîtrise des Sciences de Gestion (MSG), Maîtrise des Méthodes informatiques appliquées à la gestion (MIAGE). The Magistère is awarded three years directly after the DEUG (or the DUT). In Medicine this cycle (DCEM) consists of four years of study and hospital internship. In Dentistry and Pharmacy, it leads to the Diplôme d'Etat de Docteur en Chirurgie Dentaire and to the Diplôme d'Etat de Docteur en Pharmacie after six years. In the Grandes Ecoles, a Diploma is awarded in Engineering, Commerce or literary fields, generally three years after the DEUG, the DUT, or the CPGE. The Titre d'Ingénieur (engineering Degree) is conferred by independent engineering schools or by engineering schools attached to universities, upon successful completion of five years of study beyond the Baccalauréat. Some engineering schools accept students on the basis of a competitive examination generally taken two years after the Baccalauréat (in this case, studies last three years at most) or according to the Baccalauréat results, followed by aptitude tests and an interview (in this case, studies last four or five years). Catholic higher education institutes, besides preparing to State diplomas at this level (in agreement with a public university), offer four-year and six-year ecclesiastic canonic qualifications.
University level third stage: Troisième Cycle:
The third cycle is devoted to specialization and training for research. It offers two channels: a professional one, leading in one year to the Diplôme d'Etudes Supérieures Spécialisées (DESS), a terminal degree. A doctoral channel leads in one year to the Diplôme d'Etudes Approfondies (DEA) and then to preparation of a Doctorat. The latter is obtained three or four years after the DEA and after extensive research, either individual or as part of a group supervised by a Directeur de Thèses and the preparation and successful defence of a thesis. Several schools of Engineering, Business and Management offer a Mastère spécialisé to students who are recipients of Engineering degrees or the DEA. The Mastère spécialisé is a specialized 12-month programme (including four months' training). Since 2000, a Mastaire is awarded to holders of a DEA or a DESS or an Engineering Diploma. Engineers with a Maîtrise from a university (Ingénieurs-Maîtres) and engineering students in their last year of engineering school can work towards a Diplôme de Recherche technologique (DRT) (Technological Research Diploma), a third cycle diploma issued after completion of a course centring on innovation through technological research in the industrial sector and service industries. The DRT marks the successful completion of a programme of 18 months to two years that is carried out in an industrial or service-oriented scientific environment under the joint responsibility of two advisers, one being a teacher-cum-researcher, the other coming from the industrial sector or a service industry. In general Medicine, the third cycle culminates in the Diplôme d'Etat de Docteur en Médecine after two years' further study following DCEM. In specialized Medicine, it leads to the Diplôme d'Etudes spécialisées (DES) after four to five years' further study.
University level fourth stage: Post-doctorat:
The Doctorat may be followed by a post-doctoral degree, the Habilitation à Diriger les Recherches, which constitutes the highest national award and is offered to academics who display the ability to carry out high level scientific research and to supervise thesis.

Teacher education:
Training of pre-primary and primary/basic school teachers
Training lasts for one year following success in a competitive examination. Candidates must hold a Licence or a three-year diploma granted within the EU to be allowed to sit for the competitive examination. In order to prepare themselves, candidates can decide to be trained in one year at an Institut Universitaire de Formation des Maîtres. They must present a portfolio and/or pass an interview. This year of preparation is not compulsory.
Training of secondary school teachers
Secondary school teachers train for one year following success in a competitive examination. Candidates must hold a Licence or a three-year diploma granted within the EU or a four-year diploma granted outside the EU to be allowed to sit for the competitive examination. In order to prepare themselves, candidates can decide to be trained in one year at an Institut Universitaire de Formation des Maîtres. They must present a portfolio and/or pass an interview. This year of preparation is not compulsory.
Training of higher education teachers
The Doctorat is a prerequisite to sit for competitive examinations leading to the positions of Maître de Conférence and Professeur d'Université. In the fields of Pharmacy, Law and Economics and, now, in many other fields, positions are restricted to holders of an Agrégation de l'Enseignement Supérieur. The Habilitation à Diriger les Recherches is required to become a Professeur d'Université.

Non-traditional studies:
Distance higher education
Télé-enseignement universitaire is offered to students who are unable to attend regular courses. 29 universities cooperate in this. The Centre national d'Enseignement à Distance (CNED) provides training leading to technical diplomas - BEP, BP, BTS, in addition to competitive entrance examinations for recruitment to the civil service and to adult education courses.
Lifelong higher education
Education permanente is a system of continuing education allowing people with full-time careers to attend evening classes in universities and thus obtain a degree without interrupting their working schedules. The Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers (CNAM) offers such facilities leading to the award of an Engineering diploma. Catholic universities organize upgrading traineeships and courses leading to diplomas.
Higher education training in industry
Several higher education institutions (public and private ) offer professional training "en alternance" (sandwich courses), consisting in theoretical training and practice periods in business or industry.
Other forms of non-formal higher education
Both private and public institutions have "Universités du Troisième âge". In these "third age" universities, senior citizens are offered two options: either to follow university courses with other students or attend seminars and lectures especially devised to improve their life and cultural background; their advice is also sought when it comes to choosing study topics of common interest. Finally, cycles of Physical Education, Handicraft, cultural visits and outings are also organized.


NATIONAL BODIES
Administration & co-ordination:
Responsible authorities:
Ministère de la Jeunesse, de l'Education nationale et de la Recherche (Ministry of Youth, Education and Research)
Head: Luc Ferry, Minister
110, rue de Grenelle75357 Paris 07 SPFrance
Tel: +33(1) 55-55-10-10
Fax: +33(1) 55-55-30-65
EMail: sp.ca@education.gouv.fr
WWW: http://www.education.gouv.fr

Role of governing body: Administers and controls public institutions, supervises private ones and maintains a coherence on regulation of national diplomas.

Conférence des Présidents d'Université (CPU)(Conference of University Presidents)
Head: Jack Lang, Président
Administrative officer: Bernard Belloc, 1er Vice-Président
103, blvd. Saint Michel75005 ParisFrance
Tel: +33(1) 44-32-90-00
Fax: +33(1) 44-32-91-02
EMail: cpu@cpu.fr
WWW: http://www.cpu.fr

Role of governing body: Examines matters concerning university system.

Union des Etablissements d'Enseignement supérieur catholique (UDESCA)(Union of Catholic Establishments of Higher Education)
Head: Gaston Vandecandelaere, Président
21, rue d'Assas75270 Paris Cedex 06France
Tel: +33(1) 44-39-52-00
Fax: +33(1) 45-44-27-14

Role of governing body: Coordinates relations between catholic universities and coherence of their policies.

Conférence des Directeurs d'Ecoles et de Formations d'Ingénieurs (CDEFI)
Head: Jack Lang, President
Administrative officer: Guy Gautherin, Vice-President
151 bd de l'Hopital75013 ParisFrance
Tel: +33(1) 44-24-63-20
Fax: +33(1) 44-24-63-26


Office national d'Information sur les Enseignements et les Professions (ONISEP)(National Office for Information on Study and the Professions)
Head: Jérôme Chapuisat, Directeur
BP 86 Lognes12, Mail Barthélemy-Thimonnier77423 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2France
Tel: +33(1) 64-80-35-00
Fax: +33(1) 64-80-35-01
WWW: http://www.onisep.fr



ADMISSIONS TO HIGHER EDUCATION
Admission to non university higher education studies
Name of secondary school credential required: Baccalauréat
Minimum score/requirement: 10 out of 20
Other admission requirements:
Admission to most short cycle vocational courses is based upon portfolio (e.g. for University Institutes of Technology) or entrance examination (e.g. for Catholic higher education institutes).
Admission to university-level studies
Name of secondary school credential required: Baccalauréat
Minimum score/requirement: 10/20
Alternatives to credentials: Diplomas or titles accepted in place of Baccalauréat. Diplôme d'Accès aux Etudes universitaires (DAEU) which replaces the former entrance exam to university studies (ESEU).
Other admission requirements: Competitive entrance examination to some Grandes Ecoles and other institutions following two years of preparatory courses given in lycées or integrated in the institution itself. Application for admission: 1st April.
Foreign students admission
Definition of foreign student: Foreign student holding a foreign Secondary School-Leaving Certificate.
Admission requirements: Students must hold the Baccalauréat or a diploma giving access to higher education in their country. For first registration in 1st cycle, preliminary application files are collected from French Embassies between 1 Dec. and 15 Jan. of the preceding academic year. A birth certificate, degree certificate and transcripts are necessary.
Entry regulations: Student visa issued by French consulates abroad (long-stay visa: more than 3 months) except for EU, Andorra, Holy See, Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino and Swiss students who must present a valid passport. Students must ask for a "carte de séjour" (even for EU students) from, in Paris, centres for foreigners or, in the provinces from police or town halls. Other documents to be presented: proof of provisional registration in a university; proof of sufficient resources (at least 25000 FF per year); health insurance; proof of residence (address);
Health requirements: 3 photos and a medical certificate
Language requirements: Minimum mark: 10 / Diplôme approfondi de Langue française (DALF)
Application procedures:
Apply to individual institution for entry to: Grandes Ecoles, IUTs, university 2nd and 3rd cycles and most private intitutions (e.g. Catholic Inst.); closing date: 1st April.
Apply to national body for entry to: Universities (1st cycle) and other public institutions.
Apply to:
Cultural Services of French Embassies Abroad or universities themselves for those who are already in France


Application closing dates:
For non-university level (technical/vocational type) studies: 1 Apr
For university level studies: 15 Jan
For advanced/doctoral studies: 1 Apr
Recognition of studies & qualifications:
Studies pursued in home country (System of recognition/accreditation): State diplomas/degrees are validated/accredited by one of the following ministries: Ministry of Education; Ministry of Agriculture; Ministry of Equipment; Ministry of Defence. Universities and Grandes Ecoles are evaluated by the Comité national d'Evaluation (http://www.cne-evaluation.fr)
Studies pursued in foreign countries (bodies dealing with recognition of foreign credentials):
Direction de l'Enseignement scolaire (DESCO A6)
110 rue de Grenelle75007 ParisFrance
Tel: +33(1) 55-55-10-72 +33(1) 55-55-11-06

Deals with credential recognition for entry to: Profession
Services provided & students dealt with: Information on recognition of vocational qualifications obtained abroad

NARIC, Ministère de la Jeunesse, de l'Education nationale et de la Recherche
Head: Gérard Links, Responsable
Administrative officer: Joëlle Pruvost, Responsable adjointe pour l'enseignement supérieur
110, rue de Grenelle75357 Paris 07 SPFrance
Tel: +33(1) 55-55-04-28 +33(1) 55-55-04-21
Fax: +33(1) 55-55-04-23
Telex: 270925 edunatf
EMail: joelle.pruvost@education.gouv.fr

Deals with credential recognition for entry to: Profession
Services provided & students dealt with: Academic recognition of studies completed and qualifications awarded in higher education abroad for access to the professions.

Other information sources on recognition of foreign studies: 1) Institutions of higher education for students who wish to pursue their studies. 2) Specific ministries for regulated professions: medical doctors, agronomists, veterinary doctors, lawyers, architects, nurses, chartered public accountants, etc. 3) Rectorates in each region
Multilateral agreements concerning recognition of foreign studies
Name of agreement: Council of Europe Agreement on Access to Establishments of Higher Education
Year of signature: 1953
Name of agreement: Council of Europe Agreement on the Academic Recognition of Qualifications in Higher Education
Year of signature: 1959
Name of agreement: Council of Europe Agreement on the Equivalence of Study Periods
Year of signature: 1956
Name of agreement: Council of Europe/Unesco Convention on the Recognition of Qualifications concerning Higher Education in the European Region (Lisbon Convention)
Year of signature: 1999
Name of agreement: Unesco Agreement on the Recognition of Studies, Diplomas and Degrees Concerning Higher Education in the States belonging To the Europe Region
Year of signature: 1979
Name of agreement: Unesco Convention on the Recognition of Studies, Diplomas & Degrees in Higher Education in the European States Bordering the Mediterranean
Year of signature: 1976
Bilateral agreements concerning recognition of foreign credentials
Name of agreement: Accord Franco-Allemand (Sciences, Lettres et Sciences Humaines)
Year of signature: 1980
Country/state involved: Germany
References to further information on foreign student admissions and recognition of studies
Title: Brochure : Etudiants étrangers : les procédures d'inscription
Publisher: Ministère de l'Education nationale, de la Recherche et de la Technologie

STUDENT LIFE
Main student services at national level
Bureau de la Vie étudiante, Ministère de l'Education nationale
61-65, Rue Dutot75732 Paris Cedex 15France
Tel: +33(1) 55-55-10-10

Category of services provided: Social and welfare services; Academic and career counselling services
Services available to foreign Students: Yes

Centre National des Oeuvres universitaires et scolaires (CNOUS)
69, Quai d'Orsay75007 ParisFrance
Tel: +33(1) 44-18-53-00
Fax: +33(1) 45-55-48-49
Telex: 203048 cnous
WWW: http://www.cnous.fr

Category of services provided: Social and welfare services
Services available to foreign Students: No

Mutuelle nationale des Etudiants de France
137 Bd St Michel75006 ParisFrance
Tel: +33(1) 40-92-54-92
Fax: +33(1) 56-24-40-75

Category of services provided: Social and welfare services

Office national d'Information sur les Enseignements et les Professions (ONISEP)
PO Box 86 Lognes12, Mail Barthélemy-Thimonnier77423 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2France
Tel: +33(1) 64-80-35-00
Fax: +33(1) 64-80-35-01

Category of services provided: Academic and career counselling services; Employment services
Services available to foreign Students: Yes

National student associations and unions
Union Nationale des Etudiants de France Indépendante et Démocratique (UNEF-ID)
46 rue Albert Thomas75010 ParisFrance
Tel: +33(1) 42-02-25-55
Fax: +33(1) 42-03-33-91
EMail: international.unef-id@wanadoo.fr
WWW: http://www.unef-id.org

Health/social provisions
Social security for home students: Yes
Cost/fee (per year): 165 (Euro)
Social security for foreign students: Yes
Cost/fee (per year): 165 (Euro)
Foreign student social security provisions: Only students from EC countries (or from a country having an agreement with France) duly registered in a university may draw benefit from the social security system. Others must take out their own insurance.
Special student travel fares:
By rail: Yes
By air: Yes
Available to foreign students: Yes
Student expenses and financial aid
Student costs:
Average living costs: 6100 (Euro)
Home students tuition fees: Minimum: 183 (Euro)
Maximum: 6860 (Euro)
Foreign students tuition fees: Minimum: 183 (Euro)
Maximum: 6860 (Euro)
Bodies providing information on student financial aid:
Centre national des Oeuvres universitaires et scolaires (CNOUS)
69, Quai d'Orsay75007 ParisFrance
Tel: +33(1) 44-18-53-00
Fax: +33(1) 45-55-48-49

Deals with: Grants and Loans
Category of students: Administers scholarships awarded by the Government within cooperation agreements.
Publications on student services and financial aid:
Title: Guide de l'étudiant : "Enseignement supérieur dans la Communauté européenne"
Author: Commission des Communautés européennes
Publisher: Commission des Communautés européennes, Office des publications
Title: Je vais en France. Guide à l'intention des étudiants étrangers
Publisher: Centre national des Oeuvres universitaires et scolaires
Title: Study Abroad 2000-2001
Publisher: UNESCO/IBE
Year of publication: 1999

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION & EXCHANGES
Principal national bodies responsible for dealing with international cooperation and exchanges in higher education:
Direction des Relations internationales et de la Coopération, Ministère de l'Education nationale
110 rue de Grenelle75357 ParisFrance
Tel: +33(1) 55-55-10-10
WWW: http://www.education.gouv.fr

Participation of country in multilateral or bilateral higher education programmes
Name of exchange programme: SOCRATES (EEC Programmes)

GRADING SYSTEM
Usual grading system in secondary school
Full Description: 0-20; 10-12 : Passable; 12-14 : Assez Bien; 14-16 : Bien; 16-20 : Très-Bien.
Highest on scale: 20
Pass/fail level: 10
Lowest on scale: 0
Main grading system used by higher education institutions
Full Description: 0/20, 10-12 Passable, 12-14 Assez-Bien, 14-16 Bien, 16-20 Très Bien. Highest : 20, Pass : 10, Lowest : 0.
Highest on scale: 20
Pass/fail level: 10
Lowest on scale: 0

NOTES ON HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM


Data for academic year: 2001-2002
Source: Bureau de la Mobilité et de l'Information internationale, Ministère de l'Education nationale, Paris, 2002

Ireland

INSTITUTION TYPES & CREDENTIALS
Types of higher education institutions:
University
College
Institute
Institute of Technology
School

School leaving and higher education credentials:
Leaving Certificate (Ardteistmeireacht)
Leaving Certificate Vocational Programme
National Certificate
National Diploma
Diploma
Bachelor's Degree
Bachelor's Degree (Honours)
Graduate Diploma
Master's Degree
Master's Degree (Honours)
Doctor's Degree


STRUCTURE OF EDUCATION SYSTEM
Pre-higher education:
Duration of compulsory education:
Age of entry: 4
Age of exit: 16
Structure of school system:
Primary
Type of school providing this education: Primary School
Length of program in years: 8
Age level from: 4 to: 12
Junior Secondary
Type of school providing this education: Junior Secondary School
Length of program in years: 4
Age level from: 12 to: 16
Certificate/diploma awarded: Junior Certificate (Teastas Sóisearach)
Senior Secondary
Type of school providing this education: Senior Secondary School
Length of program in years: 2
Age level from: 16 to: 18
Certificate/diploma awarded: Leaving Certificate Vocational Programme (LCVP)
Senior Secondary
Type of school providing this education: Senior Secondary School
Length of program in years: 2
Age level from: 16 to: 18
Certificate/diploma awarded: Leaving Certificate (Ardteistiméireacht)
Vocational
Type of school providing this education: Vocational Secondary School
Length of program in years: 2
Age level from: 16 to: 18
Certificate/diploma awarded: Leaving Certificate Applied
Vocational
Type of school providing this education: Vocational Secondary School
Length of program in years: 2
Age level from: 16 to: 18
Certificate/diploma awarded: Leaving Certificate Vocational programme
School education:
Primary educatuin lasts for eight years. Secondary school lasts for five to six years. It is divided into a three- to four-year junior secondary cycle, followed by a two-year senior secondary school cycle leading to the award of the Leaving Certificate. Vocational secondary schools offer two-year courses leading to the Leaving Certificate Vocational Programme and the Leaving Certificate Applied.
Higher education:
Higher education in Ireland is offered by universities and institutes of specialized higher education. Universities are financed for the most part by the State in the form of annual grants-in-aid and non-recurrent grants for capital expenditure, in a proportion of the order of 90%, as well as by student fees, endowments, and private donations. Each college has its own governing body and exercises full control over its finances. Colleges are composed of faculties and departments.
Main laws/decrees governing higher education:
Decree: Universities Act Year: 1997
Concerns: Universities
Academic year:
Classes from: Oct to: Jun
Languages of instruction: English, Irish
Stages of studies:
Non-university level post-secondary studies (technical/vocational type):
Non-university level:
Higher technical and vocational education is offered by Institutes of Technology (formerly Regional Technical Colleges) and specialized colleges. They offer two-year Certificate, three-year Diploma and four-year Degree programmes in the applied fields of Engineering, Science and Business Studies, as well as some postgraduate courses.

University level studies:
University level first stage: Bachelor's Degree:
The main stage of higher education leads to a Bachelor's Degree, which may, in certain cases, also be a professional qualification (Professional Degree). The length of study generally varies between three and four years. The Bachelor's Degree may be awarded as a General Degree, an Honours Degree and a BA (Special) Degree. In Veterinary Medicine, Architecture and Dentistry studies last for five years. Medicine takes six years.
University level second stage: Master's Degree:
The second stage of higher education consists of more advanced (graduate) studies and leads to the Master's Degree. These studies last for a minimum of one year after the award of the Bachelor's Degree. Candidates who attend a course of study and/or present a thesis based on research are awarded an Earned Master's Degree.
University level third stage: Doctorate:
A further two years' study after the Master's Degree are normally required for the PhD Degree.
University level fourth stage: Higher Doctorate:
A Higher Doctorate may be awarded, after a minimum of five years (usually longer), following the award of the first Doctorate, for original work already published.

Teacher education:
Training of pre-primary and primary/basic school teachers
Primary school teachers are trained at five colleges of education where they follow a three-year course leading to the Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.). Each college of education works in partnership with a university which awards the degree.
Training of secondary school teachers
Secondary school teachers take a one-year university course culminating in the Higher Diploma in Education. Training for teachers of specialized subjects is available at the University of Limerick where candidates follow a four-year degree programme. Teachers of Home Economics take a four-year Bachelor of Education (Home Economics) and art teachers take a degree or diploma course at a recognized college followed by a one-year Post-Diploma/Degree course.

Non-traditional studies:
Distance higher education
Oscail -The National Distance Education Centre - is located on the campus of Dublin City University and offers a range of undergraduate, postgraduate and continuing professional education programmes.
Lifelong higher education
Short and sandwich courses are provided in the Institutes of Technology and the colleges of technology for people at the "apprentice" stage in certain careers (for instance, medical laboratory technicians and trainees in technological employment).


NATIONAL BODIES
Administration & co-ordination:
Responsible authorities:
Department of Education and Science (An Roinn Oideachais & Eolaíochta)
Head: Dr Michael Woods, Minister
Administrative officer: John Dennehy, Secretary-General
Tyrone House, Marlborough StreetDublin 1Ireland
Tel: +353(1) 873-4700
Fax: +353(1) 872-9553
EMail: mannionc@educ.irlg v.ie
WWW: http://www.irlgov.ie/educ


Higher Education Authority (HEA) (An tÚdarás Um Ard-Oideachas)
Head: Dr Don Thornhill, Chairman
Administrative officer: John L. Hayden, Secretary/Chief Executive
Marine House, Third Floor, Clanwilliam CourtDublin 2Ireland
Tel: +353(1) 661-2748
Fax: +353(1) 661-0492
EMail: info@hea.ie
WWW: http://www.hea.ie

Role of governing body: Responsible for the founding of universities and tertiary level institutions and their development to meet the needs of the community.

Conference of Heads of Irish Universities (CHIU)
Head: Michael McGrath, Director
Administrative officer: Dr A. Cosgrove, Chairman
10 Lower Mount StreetDublin 2Ireland
Tel: +353(1) 676-4948
Fax: +353(1) 661-2815
EMail: chiu-info@chiu.ie
WWW: http://www.chiu.ie


The Higher Education and Training Awards Council (Comhairle na nDamhachaini Ardoisdeachas agus Oiliunaí)
Head: Seamus Puirseil, Director (Acting)
26 Mountjoy SquareDublin 1Ireland
Tel: +353(1) 855-6526
Fax: +353(1) 855-4250
EMail: info@hetac.ie
WWW: http://www.hetac.ie

Role of governing body: Responsible for the coordination, development and promotion of technical, industrial, scientific, technological and commercial education and education in art and design outside the universities.


ADMISSIONS TO HIGHER EDUCATION
Admission to non university higher education studies
Name of secondary school credential required: Leaving Certificate (Ardteistmeireacht)
Minimum score/requirement: Grade C3 in 2 Higher (or Common) Level papers, together with Grade D3 in 4 other subjects of the Leaving Certificate. Examinations include a language and often Mathematics.
Admission to university-level studies
Name of secondary school credential required: Leaving Certificate (Ardteistmeireacht)
For entry to: All higher education institutions.
Numerus clausus/restrictions: Places are allocated in order of merit depending on the Leaving Certificate grades, on the basis of points score.
Other admission requirements: Applicants for postgraduate courses must make direct applications to the college of their choice.
Foreign students admission
Admission requirements: Foreign students must have, as a minimum, qualifications equivalent to GCE with at least 2 subjects at Advanced level with high grades (at least Grade C) plus 4 other subjects at Ordinary level.
Entry regulations: Entry and residence regulations in Ireland vary according to the person's country of origin. Students who are nationals of another EU Member State and who enter the Republic from any place (other than the UK) must present themselves to the Immigration Officer at the port or airport of entry with the following documents: valid passport; evidence of acceptance as a student at a college or higher education institution; evidence of the ability to meet their needs for the period of study.
Health requirements: Health visa required
Application procedures:
Apply to national body for entry to: Undergraduate degree or Diploma courses at all university colleges and colleges.
Apply to:
Central Applications Office
Tower House, Eglinton StreetGalwayIreland
EMail: help@cao.ie
WWW: http://www.cao.ie

Application closing dates:
For university level studies: 1 Feb
For advanced/doctoral studies: 1 Feb
Recognition of studies & qualifications:
Studies pursued in home country (System of recognition/accreditation): The Higher Education and Training Awards Council validates courses in non-university higher education institutions and grants and confers awards on those who successfully take approved courses.
Studies pursued in foreign countries (bodies dealing with recognition of foreign credentials):
NARIC, Higher Education Authority
Head: Mary Donoghue
Marine House, Third Floor Clanwilliam CourtDublin 2Ireland
Tel: +353(1) 661-2748
Fax: +353(1) 661-0492
EMail: info@hea.ie
WWW: http://www.hea.ie

Services provided & students dealt with: The Centre acts as an information point supplying general information to foreign students. It is the contact point for the EU Directive 89/48/EEC.

References to further information on foreign student admissions and recognition of studies
Title: A Guide for Overseas Students
Author: Irish Council for Overseas Students
Title: NCEA Directory of Approved courses in Higher Education
Author: NCEA, Dublin

STUDENT LIFE
Main student services at national level
Department of Education and Science
Marlborough Str.Dublin 1Ireland
Tel: +353(1) 873-4700
Fax: +353(1) 872-9553
WWW: http://www.irlgov.ie/educ

Category of services provided: Special services/Centre for foreign students

Irish Council for Overseas Students
41 Morehampton RoadDublin 4Ireland
Tel: +353(1) 660-5233
Fax: +353(1) 668-2320
EMail: office@icosirl.ie
WWW: http://www.icosirl.ie

Category of services provided: Academic and career counselling services; Special services/Centre for foreign students

National student associations and unions
Union of Students in Ireland
Gratten StreetDublin 2Ireland
Tel: +353(1)602-1600
WWW: http://www.usi.ie

Union of Students in Ireland Travel (USIT)
19 Aston QuayDublin 2Ireland
Tel: +353(1) 778-117
WWW: http://www.usit.ie

Health/social provisions
Social security for home students: Yes
Cost/fee (per year): 0 (Euro)
Foreign student social security provisions: A student from an EC country who is covered by social insurance in his home country may have full eligibility under the Irish General Medical Services. Free hospital care is available to all students within the provision laid down by the Irish Department of Health.
Special student travel fares:
By road: Yes
By rail: Yes
By air: Yes
Available to foreign students: Yes
Student expenses and financial aid
Student costs:
Average living costs: 7480 (Euro)
Home students tuition fees: Minimum: 0 (Euro)
Foreign students tuition fees: Minimum: 7600 (Euro)
Maximum: 17900 (Euro)
Bodies providing information on student financial aid:
Department of Education and Science
Student Support UnitTuallamore, Co. OffalyIreland
Tel: +353(56) 21363

Deals with: Grants
Category of students: Students from other EU countries.
Irish Council for Overseas Students
41 Morehampton RoadDublin 4Ireland
Tel: +353(1) 660-5233
Fax: +353(1) 668-2320
EMail: office@icosirl.ie
WWW: http://www.icosirl.ie

Category of students: Students from Africa and Asia mostly.
National Agency (SOCRATES/ERASMUS), Higher Education Authority
Third Floor, Marine House, Clanwilliam CourtDublin 2Ireland
Tel: +353(1) 661-2748

Deals with: Grants
Category of students: Nationals students.
Publications on student services and financial aid:
Title: Study Abroad 2000-2001
Publisher: UNESCO/IBE
Year of publication: 1999

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION & EXCHANGES
Principal national bodies responsible for dealing with international cooperation and exchanges in higher education:
International Section, Department of Education and Science
Marlborough StreetDublin 1Ireland
Tel: +353(1) 873-4700
Fax: +353(1) 679-1315

Irish Council for Overseas Students
41, Morehampton Rd.Dublin 4Ireland
Tel: +353(1) 610-5233


GRADING SYSTEM
Usual grading system in secondary school
Full Description: A1-A2: 85-100%; B1 to B3: 70-84%; C1 to C3: 55-69%; D1 to D3: 40-54%; E: 25-39; F:10-24; No grade: 0-9%.
Highest on scale: A
Lowest on scale: F
Main grading system used by higher education institutions
Full Description: A: excellent/outstanding; B: above average; C: average; D: below average; E: failing.
Highest on scale: A
Pass/fail level: D/E
Lowest on scale: F

NOTES ON HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM


Data for academic year: 2001-2002
Source: Higher Education Authority (HEA), Dublin, 2002

United Kingdom

INSTITUTION TYPES & CREDENTIALS
Types of higher education institutions:
University
Open University
College and Institution of Higher Education
Open College
College of Technology
Teacher Training College
Institute

School leaving and higher education credentials:
General Certificate of Secondary Education
General Certificate of Education Advanced Level
General Certificate of Education Advanced Supplementary Level
First Diploma
Higher National Certificate
National Diploma
Higher National Diploma
Certificate
Diploma
Diploma of Higher Education
Bachelor's Degree
Foundation Degree
Bachelor's Honours Degree
Master's Degree (taught)
Postgraduate Certificate of Education
Postgraduate Diploma
Master's Degree
Master of Philosophy
Doctorate
Higher Doctorate


STRUCTURE OF EDUCATION SYSTEM
Pre-higher education:
Duration of compulsory education:
Age of entry: 5
Age of exit: 16
Structure of school system:
Primary
Type of school providing this education: Combined Junior and Infant School
Length of program in years: 6
Age level from: 5 to: 11
Basic First Stage
Type of school providing this education: Infant School
Length of program in years: 2
Age level from: 5 to: 7
Basic Second Stage
Type of school providing this education: Junior School
Length of program in years: 4
Age level from: 7 to: 11
Comprehensive
Type of school providing this education: Comprehensive School
Length of program in years: 5
Age level from: 11 to: 16
Certificate/diploma awarded: General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE)
Secondary
Type of school providing this education: Secondary Modern
Length of program in years: 5
Age level from: 11 to: 16
Certificate/diploma awarded: General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE)
Academic Secondary
Type of school providing this education: Grammar School
Length of program in years: 5
Age level from: 11 to: 16
Certificate/diploma awarded: General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE)
Technical
Type of school providing this education: CTC (City Technology College)
Length of program in years: 5
Age level from: 11 to: 16
Certificate/diploma awarded: General Certificate of Secondary Education (CGSE)
Sixth Form
Type of school providing this education: Sixth Form
Length of program in years: 2
Age level from: 16 to: 18
Certificate/diploma awarded: General Certificate of Education Advanced Level/General Certificate of Education Advanced Supplementary
School education:
Primary education may take the form of combined junior and infant schools and therefore lasts for six years or a first stage covering infant schools (two years) and a second stage covering junior schools (four years). Secondary education covers schooling from the age of eleven to the minimum school leaving age of sixteen. Pupils follow a common curriculum leading to the GCSE which has replaced the General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level. At some schools, pupils may stay on at a school sixth form for a further two years when they sit for the General Certificate of Education Advanced Level (GCE A Levels) or the General Certificate of Education Advanced Supplementary examinations (GCE AS examinations), or vocational courses leading usually to General National Vocational Qualifications (GNVQs)). Further education colleges also offer these courses.
Higher education:
Higher education is provided by three main types of institutions: universities, colleges and institutions of higher education and art and music colleges. All universities are autonomous institutions, particularly in matters relating to courses. They are empowered by a Royal Charter or an Act of Parliament. As a result of the Further and Higher Education Act of 1992, the binary line separating universities and polytechnics was abolished and polytechnics were given university status (i.e., the right to award their own degrees) and took university titles. The Council for National Academic Awards was abolished, leaving most institutions to confer their own degrees. Higher Education Funding Councils were created for England, Scotland and Wales, replacing the Universities Funding Council and the Polytechnics and Colleges Funding Council. Most universities are divided into faculties which may be subdivided into departments. Universities UK examines matters of concern to all universities. Many colleges and institutions of higher education are the result of mergers of teacher training colleges and other colleges. The Department for Education and Skills is responsible for all universities. Students have to pay a maximum fee of £1,075 a year (2002-2003). Non-university higher education institutions also provide degree courses, various non-degree courses and postgraduate qualifications. Some may offer Higher Degrees and other qualifications offered by most non-university higher education institutions are validated by external bodies such as a local university or the Open University. An institution can also apply for the authority to award its own degrees but it must be able to demonstrate a good record of running degree courses validated by other universities. Institutions can apply for university status but must satisfy a number of criteria, including the power to award its own first and higher degrees. Some higher education is also provided in further education institutions. This provision is funded by the Higher Education Funding Councils and the Department of Education Northern Ireland. The Further and Higher Education Act 1992 allows for the transfer of further education institutions to the higher education sector, if 'the full-time enrolment number of the institution concerned…for courses of higher education exceeds 55% of its total full-time equivalent enrolment number'. A new national body, the Institute of Learning and Teaching, is being established in 1999 to set up an accreditation scheme for higher education teachers and to encourage innovation in teaching and learning.
Main laws/decrees governing higher education:
Decree: Education Reform Act Year: 1988
Decree: Further and Higher Education Act Year: 1992
Academic year:
Classes from: Oct to: Jul
Long vacation from: 1 Jul to: 30 Sep
Languages of instruction: English
Stages of studies:
Non-university level post-secondary studies (technical/vocational type):
Non-university level:
Non-university level post-secondary technical education is provided by technical colleges, colleges of further and higher education and accredited independent colleges which offer a large number of vocational courses leading to a professional qualification. The Business and Technology Education Council offers many vocational courses leading to the BTEC First Diploma (one year, full-time) or to the BTEC National Diploma (two to three years, full-time). A Higher National Diploma is conferred after three years' study by the Business and Technology Education Council. As regards professional education, the professions have laid down their own professional qualifications (some thirty major professional bodies exist).

University level studies:
University level first stage: Undergraduate stage:
This stage lasts for three or four years and leads to the award of a Bachelor's Degree in Arts, Science or other fields (Technology, Law, Engineering, etc.). In some Scottish universities the first degree is a Master's Degree. The Bachelor's Degree is conferred as a Pass Degree or an Honours Degree where studies are more specialized. The Bachelor's Honours Degree is classified as a First Class Honours, a Second Class Honours or a Third Class Honours. In some universities and colleges of higher education, a two-year course leads to a Diploma in Higher Education (DipHE). This is a recognized qualification in its own right. Some universities have adopted the credit-unit or modular system of assessment. In some universities students must follow a foundation course before embarking on the course leading to the Bachelor's Degree. Students of foreign languages are usually required to study or work for an additional year in the country of the target language. Sandwich courses generally involve an additional year's work experience. Some institutions have introduced accelerated two-year degrees which require students to study during the normal vacation period. It is now rare for the class of degree to depend entirely on student performance in final examinations. Most institutions base a component of the degree class on examinaions taken during the period of study, especially those taken at the end of the second year, and many also use some form of continuous assessment.
University level second stage: Master's Degree:
A Master's Degree is conferred after one or two years' study following upon the Bachelor's Degree. Study is in a specialized field. In some cases, the degree is awarded solely after a written examination but candidates must usually submit a memoir. At Oxford and Cambridge, the Master of Arts is conferred automatically after a certain period of time on all holders of Bachelor's Degrees. In other fields, it is awarded under the same conditions as in other universities. Some Master's Degrees (eg. at Imperial College, London) are awarded as undergraduate degrees after four to five years of study. The Bachelor's programme is then included in the programme.
University level third stage: Master of Philosophy, Doctor of Philosophy:
The third stage is that of pure research. At a university, it leads, after two years of additional study and the successful presentation of a thesis, to the Master of Philosophy (MPhil) Degree. After usually three years' further study beyond the Master's Degree, the candidate may present a thesis for the Doctorate of Philosophy (D.Phil. or Ph.D.).
University level fourth stage: Higher Doctorate:
A further stage leads to Higher Doctorates which may be awarded by a university in Law, Humanities, Science, Medical Sciences, Music and Theology after a candidate, usually a senior university teacher, has submitted a number of learned, usually published, works.

Teacher education:
Training of pre-primary and primary/basic school teachers
Primary school teachers must hold a first degree and a Postgraduate Certificate of Education awarded by a university or college of higher education. Alternatively, they must hold a BEd Degree and have a qualified teacher status which can be obtained after successful completion of an approved course of initial teacher training (ITT). The main types of ITT courses are the one-year Postgraduate Certificate in Education course or the Bachelor of Education (BEd) course.
Training of secondary school teachers
Secondary school teachers must hold a first degree and a Postgraduate Certificate of Education awarded by a university or college of higher education. Alternatively they must hold a BEd Degree and have a qualified teacher status which can be obtained after successful completion of an approved course of initial teacher training (ITT). The main types of ITT courses are the one-year Postgraduate Certificate in Education course or the Bachelor of Education (BEd) course which normally lasts for four years.
Training of higher education teachers
Higher education teachers normally hold a higher degree.

Non-traditional studies:
Distance higher education
The Open University offers instruction for part-time study for degrees and other courses by correspondence, supplemented by radio and television broadcasts, residential summer schools and an extensive counselling and tutorial service which operates through local study centres. Three main types of courses are available: undergraduate level courses, postgraduate courses and study packs. They are offered as part of Certificate, Diploma or Degree programmes. Undergraduate students take a series of courses which are worth one half or one full credit. A one-credit course is estimated to require 350-400 hours of study. An Ordinary Degree BA or BSc is awarded to students who have obtained six credits; an Honours degree (BA or BSc Honours) to students who have obtained two of these credits at the higher levels of study. Students may choose from a selection of 134 courses at four levels of difficulty. Up to three credits may be allowed for previous qualifications such as an initial teacher training qualification or a Higher National Diploma. The Open College offers vocational and professional training often leading to recognized qualifications. The Open College of Arts, set up in 1987, is affiliated to the Open University. It aids students of the arts who wish to study at home. It receives no government funding but as a registered charity it receives donations from other organizations.
Lifelong higher education
Extra-mural education is provided by universities or other institutions of higher education to adults living in the region served by the institutions and who do not belong to the regular student body. Higher education institutions may also choose to offer courses that are specifically intended to meet the needs of the local community. Thus they may offer part-time courses providing professional updating which people attend on day-release from work or attend in the evening, or leisure courses on local History or Geography, or Language and Literature classes.
Higher education training in industry
There are sandwich courses in which an undergraduate course is incorporated with periods of industrial training. The duration of study for an Honours Degree is four years. Admission conditions vary enormously and courses are offered only in universities which were formerly colleges of advanced technology.
Other forms of non-formal higher education
Foundation degree programmes were finalized in autumn 2000 for the first students to begin the courses in 2001. Foundation degrees are employment-related higher education qualifications designed to equip students with work-related skills.The sectors include construction, creative industries, e-business, e-commerce, finance, information technology and law. Foundation degrees have been designed with employers to provide an employment base at associate professional and higher technician level. They are awarded by universities and higher education colleges. A Foundation Degree can be used as a starting point for further study, either a related Honours Degree or further professional development in the workplace. There are no specific entry requirements and it is up to the college or university providing the degree to decide if a candidate is eligible.


NATIONAL BODIES
Administration & co-ordination:
Responsible authorities:
Department for Education and Skills
Head: Estelle Morris, Secretary of State
Sanctuary BuildingGreat Smith StreetLondonEngland SW1P 3BTUnited Kingdom
Tel: +44(20) 7925-6257
Fax: +44(20) 7925-6000
EMail: sec-of-state@dfes.gov.uk
WWW: http://www.dfes.gov.uk

Role of governing body: Administrative and coordinative role

Universities UK
Head: Martin Harris, Chairman
Administrative officer: Diana Warwick, Chief Executive
International relations: Pilar Teran, International Relations Manager
Woburn House20 Tavistock SquareLondonEngland WC1H 9HQUnited Kingdom
Tel: +44(20) 7419-4111
Fax: +44(20) 7388-8649
EMail: info@universitiesUK.ac.uk
WWW: http://www.universitiesUK.ac.uk

Role of governing body: Represents the interests of the universities in relation to the government, Parliament, local and national institutions

Standing Conference of Principals (SCOP)
Head: John Cater, Chair
Administrative officer: Patricia Ambrose, Executive Secretary
20 Woburn HouseTavistock SquareLondonEngland WC1H 9HBUnited Kingdom
Tel: +44(20) 7387-7711
Fax: +44(20) 7387-7712
EMail: info@scop.ac.uk
WWW: http://www.scop.ac.uk

Role of governing body: educational policy design and scientific advice

Universities Scotland
Head: David Caldwell, Director
53 Hanover StreetEdinburghScotland EH2 2PJUnited Kingdom
Tel: +44(131) 226-1111
Fax: +44(131) 226-1100
EMail: info@universities-scotland.ac.uk
WWW: http://www.universities-scotland.ac.uk

Role of governing body: Represents higher education institutions in Scotland

Higher Education Wales (HEW)
Head: Adrian Webb, Chairman
PO Box 413CardiffWales CF10 3UFUnited Kingdom
Tel: +44(29) 2078-6216
Fax: +44(29) 2078-6222
EMail: HEW@Wales.ac.uk
WWW: http://www.hew.ac.uk

Role of governing body: Represents higher education institutions in Wales

Universities England and Northern Ireland


Role of governing body: Advises on the planning and funding of higher education in England and Northern Ireland

Association of University Teachers
Head: Natalie Fenton, President
Administrative officer: Sally Hunt, General Secretary
Egmont House25-31 Tavistock PlaceLondonEngland WC1H9UTUnited Kingdom
Tel: +44(20) 7670-9700
Fax: +44(20) 7670-9799
EMail: hq@aut.org.uk
WWW: http://www.aut.org.uk


Society for Research into Higher Education
Head: William Taylor, President
3 Devonshire RoadLondonEngland W1N 2BAUnited Kingdom
Tel: +44(20) 7637-2766
Fax: +44(20) 7637-2781
EMail: srheoffice@srhe.ac.uk
WWW: http://www.srhe.ac.uk



ADMISSIONS TO HIGHER EDUCATION
Admission to non university higher education studies
Name of secondary school credential required: General Certificate of Education Advanced Level
Name of secondary school credential required: General Certificate of Secondary Education
Admission to university-level studies
Name of secondary school credential required: General Certificate of Education Advanced Level
Minimum score/requirement: 2/3 passes at A-level
Name of secondary school credential required: General Certificate of Education Advanced Supplementary Level
Other admission requirements: School report and interview. Universities may also impose their conditions, such as a certain combination of passes or a particular standard achieved in subjects taken at A level.
Foreign students admission
Definition of foreign student: A foreign student is a person who is enrolled at an institution of higher education in Great Britain but is not a permanent resident.
Admission requirements: Foreign students must hold qualifications equivalent to the United Kingdom General Certificate of Education with five or six passes including two at Advanced level.
Entry regulations: Passport, a visa and evidence confirming their registration in full-time courses and evidence of funds.
Health requirements: Students who come from countries outside the European Union need a medical certificate
Language requirements: Students must have a good knowledge of English. English courses and English-as-a-Foreign-Language courses are available in the private/state sector.
Application procedures:
Apply to individual institution for entry to: For access to postgraduates studies.
Apply to national body for entry to: For undergraduate studies.
Apply to:
Universities and College Admission Service (UCAS)
Fulton House, Jessop AvenueCheltenhamGL50 3SHUnited Kingdom
Tel: +44(1242) 22-24-44
Fax: +44(1242) 22-16-22
WWW: http://www.ucas.ac.uk

Recognition of studies & qualifications:
Studies pursued in foreign countries (bodies dealing with recognition of foreign credentials):
National Academic Recognition Information Centre (NARIC), ECCTIS Ltd
Head: David Boynton, Chief Executive
Administrative officer: Cloud Bai Yun, Head of the NARIC
Oriel HouseOriel RoadCheltenhamEngland GL50 1XPUnited Kingdom
Tel: +44(1242) 260-010
Fax: +44(1242) 258-611
EMail: naric@ecctis.co.uk
WWW: http://www.naric.org.uk

Deals with credential recognition for entry to: University and Profession
Services provided & students dealt with: Recognition and equivalence information.

Multilateral agreements concerning recognition of foreign studies
Name of agreement: Convention on the Recognition of Studies, Diplomas and Degrees in Higher Education in Europe
Year of signature: 1979
References to further information on foreign student admissions and recognition of studies
Title: British Universities Guide to Graduate Studies
Author: Association of Commonwealth Universities
Title: Commonwealth Universities Yearbook
Author: Association of Commonwealth Universities
Title: Higher Education in the United Kingdom
Author: British Council/Association of Commonwealth Universities
Publisher: Longman Group Ltd
Title: International Comparisons
Author: UK NARIC
Publisher: UK NARIC
Title: Studying and Living in Britain: the British Council's Guide for Overseas Students and Visitors
Author: British Council
Publisher: Northcote House in association with the British Council

STUDENT LIFE
Main student services at national level
Association of Commonwealth Universities
John Foster House, 36 Gordon SquareLondonWC1H OPFUnited Kingdom
Tel: +44(20) 7387-8572
Fax: +44(20) 7387-2655
EMail: info@acu.ac.uk
WWW: http://www.acu.ac.uk

Category of services provided: Academic and career counselling services

Association of Recognized English Language Schools (ARELS)
125 High HolbornLondonWC1V 6QDUnited Kingdom

Category of services provided: Social and welfare services

British Council
10 Spring GardensLondon SW1A 2BNUnited Kingdom
Tel: +44(20) 7930-8466
Fax: +44(20) 7839-6347
WWW: http://www.britcoun.org

Category of services provided: Academic and career counselling services

National Union of Students
461 Holloway RoadLondonN7 6LJUnited Kingdom

Category of services provided: Academic and career counselling services; Special services/Centre for foreign students
Services available to foreign Students: Yes

The Council for International Education (UKCOSA)
9-17 St Albans PlaceLondonN1 0NXUnited Kingdom
Tel: +44(20) 2263762
WWW: http://www.ukcosa.org.uk

Category of services provided: Academic and career counselling services

National student associations and unions
National Union of Students
461, Holloway RoadLondonN7 6LJUnited Kingdom
Tel: +44(20) 272-8900
Fax: +44(20) 263-5713
EMail: Nusuk@nus.org.uk

Student expenses and financial aid
Student costs:
Home students tuition fees: Minimum: 1050 (Pound Sterling)
Maximum: 18000 (Pound Sterling)
Foreign students tuition fees: Minimum: 4000 (Pound Sterling)
Maximum: 26000 (Pound Sterling)
Publications on student services and financial aid:
Title: Awards for Postgraduate Study at Commonwealth Universities
Publisher: Association of Commonwealth Universities, London
Title: Financial Aid for First Degree Study at Commonwealth Universities
Publisher: Association of Commonwealth Universities, London
Title: Study Abroad 2000-2001
Publisher: UNESCO/IBE
Year of publication: 1999
Title: The Grants Register
Publisher: Palgrave

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION & EXCHANGES
Principal national bodies responsible for dealing with international cooperation and exchanges in higher education:
Department for Education and Skills
Sanctuary Building, Great Smith StreetLondonSW1P 3BTUnited Kingdom
Tel: +44(20) 7925-6257
Fax: +44(20) 7925-6000
WWW: http://www.dfes.gov.uk

Participation of country in multilateral or bilateral higher education programmes
Name of exchange programme: SOCRATES

GRADING SYSTEM
Usual grading system in secondary school
Full Description: Alphabetical system A to E. A: excellent/outstanding; B: above average; C: average; D: below average; E: failing.
Highest on scale: A
Pass/fail level: C/D
Lowest on scale: E
Main grading system used by higher education institutions
Full Description: Alphabetical system A to E. A: excellent/outstanding; B: above average; C: average; D: below average; E: fail.
Highest on scale: A
Pass/fail level: D/E
Lowest on scale: E
Other main grading systems
Numerical system.

NOTES ON HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM


Data for academic year: 2001-2002
Source: UK Naric, ECCTIS Ltd, 2002

The Netherlands

INSTITUTION TYPES & CREDENTIALS
Types of higher education institutions:
Universiteit (University)
Technische Universiteit (Technical University)
Landbouw Universiteit (Agricultural University)
Hogeschool (University of Professional Education)
Open Universiteit (Open University)
Instelling Voor Internationaal Onderwijs (Institution For International Education)

School leaving and higher education credentials:
HAVO Diploma
VWO Diploma
MBO Diploma
Propedeuse HBO
Propedeuse WO
Diploma
Getuigschrift hoger Beroepsonderwijs
Getuigschrift van het afsluitend Examen
Baccalaureus
Bachelor
Doctoraal
Doctorandus
Ingenieur
Master
Meester
Apothekersexamen
Artsexamen
Dierenartsexamen
Professional Title
Tandartsexamen
Post-Doctoraal
Doctor's Graad
Medical Specialist
STRUCTURE OF EDUCATION SYSTEM
Pre-higher education:
Duration of compulsory education:
Age of entry: 5
Age of exit: 16
Structure of school system:
Primary
Type of school providing this education: Basisonderwijs (Primary School)
Length of program in years: 8
Age level from: 4 to: 12
Junior Secondary
Type of school providing this education: Junior General Secondary Education (MAVO)
Length of program in years: 4
Age level from: 12 to: 16
Certificate/diploma awarded: MAVO Diploma
Senior Secondary
Type of school providing this education: Senior Secondary Education (HAVO)
Length of program in years: 5
Age level from: 12 to: 17
Certificate/diploma awarded: HAVO Diploma
Prevocational
Type of school providing this education: Voorbereidend Beroepsonderwijs (VBO) (Preparatory Vocational Education)
Length of program in years: 4
Age level from: 12 to: 16
Certificate/diploma awarded: VBO Diploma
Vocational
Type of school providing this education: Middelbaar Beroepsonderwijs (Senior Secondary Vocational Education )
Length of program in years: 4
Age level from: 16 to: 20
Certificate/diploma awarded: MBO Diploma
Pre-university
Type of school providing this education: University Preparatory Education (VWO)
Length of program in years: 6
Age level from: 12 to: 18
Certificate/diploma awarded: VWO Diploma
School education:
Starting with the 1999-2000 school year, a major restructuring of secondary vocational and general secondary education was implemented. These changes mainly affect VBO, the last two years of MAVO, the last two years of HAVO and the last three years of VWO. Secondary education consists of VBO (pre-vocational education), MAVO (junior general secondary education), HAVO (senior general education) and VWO (pre-university education). Those with a VBO Diploma can then go on to the MBO. The MAVO prepares for senior secondary vocational education (MBO).Starting with the 1999-2000 school year, MAVO and MBO have been officially classified in the same category of education known as VMBO (Voorbereidend Middelbaar Beroepsonderwijs) or preparatory secondary vocational education. Depending on interest and capacity, pupils can choose from one of four learning tracks or routes: 1) the theoretical route granting admission to long MBO or HAVO; 2) the vocationally-oriented route granting admission to long training in secondary vocational education (MBO) or to short training programmes; 3) a mixed educational route with a combination of general subjects and a vocationally-oriented subject; and 4) a professional practice route, oriented towards the labour market and aimed at a specific group for which VMBO is the last educational stage.HAVO prepares for higher professional education (HBO). Students go on to the VWO or choose senior secondary vocational training instead of higher professional education. VWO prepares for university studies, but many pupils continue in HBO. There are 3 kinds of VWO Certificates: Atheneum, Gymnasium and Unified VWO Certificate. An important result of the recent educational reforms regarding VMBO, HAVO and VWO is that pupils in the last two years of VMBO, the last two years of HAVO and the last three years of VWO have to complete the curriculum requirements for one of four subject clusters. VMBO pupils can choose between Technology, Health and Personal Care and Welfare, Economics and Agriculture. HAVO and VWO pupils can choose between Nature and Technology, Nature and Health, Economics and Society and Culture and Society. Beginning in January 1997, a new national qualification framework for adult and vocational education (beroepsonderwijs) went into effect with four levels of training and two learning paths. This new system incorporates the senior secondary vocational educational courses (MBO) and apprenticeship training courses (leerlingwezen) that had existed before. Under the new system, each level of qualification corresponds to a different type of course: 1) assistentopleiding, training to assistant level lasting 6 months to 1 year, 2) basisberoepsopleiding, basic vocational training (2-3 years), 3) vakopleiding, professional training (2-4 years) and 4) at level 4, middle-management training (3-4 years) and specialist training (1-2 years). Students can take these courses consecutively, the Diploma for one course serving to gain entry to the next.
Higher education:
The Netherlands higher education system is a binary system, composed of Wetenschappelijk Onderwijs (WO - university education) and Hoger Beroepsonderwijs (HBO - professional higher education). In addition, there is the Open Universiteit (OU - Open University) which offers fully recognized university degree programmes through distance education. Internationaal Onderwijs (IO) (international education), generally conducted in English, is mainly designed to meet the needs of foreign students. Since 1991, university research schools have been founded to cater for young researchers and to centralize research activities.
Main laws/decrees governing higher education:
Decree: Adult and Vocational Education Act Year: 1996
Decree: The Higher Education and Research Act (WHW) Year: 1993
Concerns: university and HBO (Higher Professional education)
Academic year:
Classes from: Sep to: Jun
Long vacation from: 15 Jul to: 1 Sep
Languages of instruction: Dutch
Stages of studies:
Post-secondary studies (technical/vocational type):
Non-university level:
HBO provides theoretical and practical preparation for professional practice. The four-year degree programmes are offered at Hogescholen (Universities of Professional Education). Graduates of a four-year technical or agricultural programme obtain the title of 'Ingenieur' (ing.). For the other branches of study, the title is 'Baccalaureus'. Internationally, the title of Bachelor may be used. The HBO Propaedeuse gives entry to the first year of a university course. HBO graduates may proceed to postgraduate programmes.

University level studies:
University level first stage: First phase:
This stage consists of a one-year Propedeutisch course (42 credits). The Certificate awarded is the Getuigschrift van het Propedeutisch Examen.
University level second stage: HBO or Doctoraal programme:
The second stage consists of two types of education: HBO and Doctoraal. A) HBO education combines practical training with theoretical instruction. It is divided into seven sectors: Technology, Administration and Economics, Health Care, Fine and Performing Arts, Education and Teacher Training, Agriculture and Welfare Services. The HBO programme lasts for four years (168 credits including the Propedeuse) in all fields. An essential part of each study programme is the 'stage' (internship) and the "scriptie", or major paper, written in the final year. Upon completion of the programme, the 'Getuigschrift HBO' is conferred and students may use the title of Baccalaureus or, in Engineering, Ingenieur (ing). B) Doctoraal: The purpose of the Doctoraal degree programme is to give students a thorough background in a chosen discipline as well as the research skills necessary to master it. Most university programmes require the completion of 126 credits (three years) after the propedeuse, but programmes in Engineering, Agriculture, Mathematics and Science require the completion of 168 credits (four years) following the propedeuse. A large part of the last year is devoted to the preparation of a 'scriptie', where the student demonstrates his skill in conducting independent research. Graduates of the 'Doctoraal' obtain the title of Doctorandus (drs.), Ingenieur (ir.) or, in Law, Meester (mr.).
University level third stage: Doctoraat:
The Dutch Doctoraat is obtained through the 'Promotie'. It is a research degree which entitles the holder to the title of Doctor (dr.), the highest university degree in the Netherlands. After the Doctoraal, it can be obtained in two ways: 1. by serving as 'Assistent in Opleiding' (AIO) or 'Onderzoeker in Opleiding' (OIO), i.e. assistant researchers. The former also does some teaching. Candidates are required to carry out the necessary research and to write a doctoral dissertation over a period of four years. They are paid a small salary which increases every year. Competition for these positions is tough. 2. By researching and writing a doctoral dissertation under the supervision of a full professor. The dissertation must be defended in public. Post-doctoraal programmes are third stage training and research programmes which do not lead to the title of Doctor but give access to a wide variety of high-level professions in Medicine, Pharmacy, Dentistry, etc.

Teacher education:
Training of pre-primary and primary/basic school teachers
Both full and part-time courses leading to a qualification to teach at primary level have a study load of 168 credits (four years). Graduates are fully qualified to teach all subjects and all age groups (4 to 12 years) at primary level.
Training of secondary school teachers
Secondary school teachers may follow a teacher training course at a university of professional education or follow a postgraduate teacher training course at a university. In HBO training courses, students may obtain a Second Level Qualification (Tweedegraads Bevoegdheid) in a specific subject, a First Level Qualification (Eerstegraads Bevoegdheid) in Physical Education or a First or Second Level Qualification in Arts and Crafts. University graduates can take a post-doctoraal teacher training course leading to a First Level Qualification. Courses are available in all subjects in the secondary curriculum. Teachers with Second Level Qualification are qualified to teach the first three years of VWO and HAVO and all age groups in MAVO, VBO and MBO, while those with a First Level Qualification are qualified to teach at all levels of secondary education.
Training of higher education teachers
There are no special credentials which qualify for teaching at the higher education level.
Non-traditional studies:
Distance higher education
The best example of non-traditional distance education is the Open Universiteit. It offers courses in Law, Social Sciences, Arts, Economics, Management and Administrative Science, Engineering and Natural Sciences. The Central Government has laid down a statutory framework in which the Open University must operate. The only entrance requirement is that students be at least 18 years old. Students define their own programme and proceed at their own pace, which means that the programme's length varies according to the student. Qualifications are Certificates from one or several courses, a Diploma awarded upon completion of several courses combined into a short study programme, or a Doctoraal degree.
Lifelong higher education
Regulated by the Adult Education Framework Act, adult education comprises non-formal education and development work, adult basic education and adult general secondary education (VAVO).
Higher education training in industry
Post-secondary courses offered by privately-owned institutions in business and industry are so numerous and so varied in their admission policies that they cannot be enumerated here.
NATIONAL BODIES
Administration & co-ordination:
Responsible authorities:
Department of University Education, Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, (Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschappen)
Minister: L. Hermans
PO Box 25000Europaweg 42700 LZ ZoetermeerNetherlands
Tel: +31(79) 323-2323
Fax: +31(79) 323-2320
WWW: http://www.minocw.nl

Role of governing body: Principal authority responsible for administration, financing and coordination of higher education

Rectors' Conference of the Netherlands (Rectoren College)
Chairman: D.F.J. Bosscher
Secretary: H.J. Graafland
Postbus 192703501 DG UtrechtNetherlands
Tel: +31(71) 527-3130
Fax: +31(71) 527-3052
EMail: hj.graafland@bb.leidenuniv.nl


Association of Universities in the Netherlands (Vereniging van Samenwerkende Nederlandse Universiteiten (VSNU))
Director: E.E.M. d'Hondt
Postbus 192703501 DG UtrechtNetherlands
Tel: +31(30) 236-3888
Fax: +31(30) 233-3540
EMail: bestuur@vsnu.nl

Role of governing body: Drawing-up a common policy of long-term development of education and research; promoting interuniversity co-operation, and co-operation between university and the Ministry.

Netherlands Association of Universities of Professional Education (HBO-Raad)
Chairman: F. Leijnse
Postbus 123Prinsessegracht 212501 CC The HagueNetherlands
Tel: +31(70) 312-2121
Fax: +31(70) 312-2100
EMail: post@hbo-raad.nl
ADMISSIONS TO HIGHER EDUCATION
Admission to non university higher education studies
Name of secondary school credential required: HAVO Diploma
For entry to: Hogeschool (University of Professional Education)
Alternatives to credentials:
MBO Diploma (level 4) grants admission to HBO
Admission to university-level studies
Name of secondary school credential required: VWO Diploma
For entry to: Hogeschool and Universiteit
Alternatives to credentials: Students who have passed the first year (propedeuse) of higher professional education (HBO) are eligible for admission to the universities.
Numerus clausus/restrictions: Numerus clausus for specific university and HBO programmes are determined by the Ministry of Education and vary from year to year. A numerus clausus still applies for university programmes in fields such as Medicine, Dentistry; Pharmacy; and Veterinary Medicine.
Other admission requirements: Theology/Classical Studies: Latin and Greek; Medical Sciences, Pharmacy: Biology, Physics and Chemistry; other Natural Sciences, Mathematics and Engineering: Mathematics and Physics; Economics/Social Sciences: Mathematics.The reforms in the upper secondary phase of HAVO and VWO will have an enormous influence on the admission of students to higher education programmes. Diplomas obtained upon completion of the old-style curriculum will be phased out in 2004-2005. After that, the admission requirements to many higher education programmes will be even more strictly regulated than they are now and secondary graduates who have not completed the required subject cluster or supplemented subject cluster for a particular programme will not be admitted to that programme.
Foreign students admission
Definition of foreign student: For the purpose of evaluation: a student admitted to an institution of higher education on the basis of a foreign diploma, whether he has Dutch nationality or not. For the purpose of statistics, scholarships: any student who does not hold a Dutch passport.
Quotas: Medicine, 2% of all applicants, Dentistry, 2% of all applicants, Pharmacy, 2% of all applicants.
Admission requirements: Foreign students in the Netherlands must have reached in their home country a level of education considered at least equivalent to that required for entry into the proposed university or HBO-programme. In addition, certain programmes require sufficient preparation in subjects at the secondary level.
Entry regulations: Every foreign student needs a residence permit. To be eligible for this permit one must: hold a valid passport, be registered in a full-time course of study, have enough money to cover study and living expenses, have medical insurance, have enough money to pay for a return ticket. Nationals of some countries may apply and obtain a residence permit after their arrival in the Netherlands; others must obtain an authorization of temporary residence (MVV) from the Netherlands embassy or consulate of their country. Non EU students need a visa.
Health requirements: none
Language requirements: A language test is usually required. Most universities organize Dutch language courses.
Application procedures:
Apply to national body for entry to: First year of HBO or university education
Apply to:
CBAP
PO Box 301579700 LJ GroningenNetherlands

Application closing dates:
For university level studies: 1 Dec
Recognition of studies & qualifications:
Studies pursued in home country (System of recognition/accreditation): Main bodies for accrediting credentials: Ministry of Education, Culture and Science; Ministry of Agriculture; Ministry of Welfare, Health and Cultural Affairs.
Studies pursued in foreign countries (bodies dealing with recognition of foreign credentials):
Department for International Credential Evaluation, Nuffic (Netherlands Organization for International Cooperation in Higher Education)
Director: Jindra Divis
PO Box 29777Kortenaerkade 112502 LT The HagueNetherlands
Tel: +31(70) 426-0270
Fax: +31(70) 4260-395
Telex: 33565 nuffic nl
EMail: divis@nuffic.nl
WWW: http://www.nuffic.nl/index-en.html

Deals with credential recognition for entry to: University
Services provided & students dealt with: Evaluation of foreign qualifications upon request of institution of higher education, ministries and individual diploma holders

Other information sources on recognition of foreign studies: Some universities carry out their own evaluations.
Special provisions for recognition:
For access to university level studies: HBO and Universiteit: For holders of foreign qualifications regardless of nationality there are no special provisions nor practices. The institution decides and the applicants should contact the Hogeschool or university of their choice.
For access to advanced studies and research: Institutions are empowered by law to make their own decisions.
Multilateral agreements concerning recognition of foreign studies
Name of agreement: Unesco Convention On the Recognition of Studies, Diplomas and Degrees in Higher Education in the States of the European Region
Year of signature: 1981
Name of agreement: European Convention On the Academic Recognition of University Qualifications (1959)
Year of signature: 1967
Name of agreement: Protocol To the European Convention On the Equivalence of Diplomas Leading To Admission To Universities
Year of signature: 1964
Name of agreement: European Convention On the Equivalence of Diplomas Leading To Admission To Universities
Year of signature: 1956
Name of agreement: European Convention On the Equivalence of Periods of University Studies
Year of signature: 1956
Bilateral agreements concerning recognition of foreign credentials
Name of agreement: Agreement On Equivalence of Degrees
Year of signature: 1985
Country/state involved: Austria
Name of agreement: Agreement On Equivalence of Degrees
Year of signature: 1983
Country/state involved: Germany
References to further information on foreign student admissions and recognition of studies
Title: Study in the Netherlands
Publisher: Nuffic
Title: The Education System of the Netherlands
Publisher: Nuffic
STUDENT LIFE
Main student services as national level
Netherlands Office for Foreign Student Relations
Rapenburg 6LeidenNetherlands

Category of services provided: Special services/Centre for foreign students

Netherlands Office for Foreign Student Relations
Oranje Nassaulaan 51075 AH AmsterdamNetherlands

Category of services provided: Special services/Centre for foreign students

Special student travel fares:
By road: Yes
By rail: Yes
By air: No
Available to foreign students: No
Student expenses and financial aid
Student costs:
Average living costs: 8000 (US Dollar)
Home students tuition fees: Minimum: 2930 (Netherlands Guilder)
Type of financial aid available:
Scholarships/grants/fellowships:
Higher vocational/technical studies:
Home: Yes
Foreign: Yes
First Degree studies:
Home: Yes
Foreign: Yes
Advanced/doctoral studies:
Home: Yes
Foreign: Yes
Loans:
Higher vocational/technical studies:
Home: Yes
Foreign: Yes
First degree studies:
Home: Yes
Foreign: Yes
Advanced/doctoral studies:
Home: Yes
Foreign: Yes
Bodies providing information on student financial aid:
Informatiseringsbank
GroningenNetherlands
WWW: http://www.ib-groep.nl

Publications on student services and financial aid:
Title: Catalogue of International Courses in the Netherlands 2000-2001
Publisher: Nuffic
Year of publication: 2000
Title: Study Abroad 2000-2001
Publisher: UNESCO/IBE
Year of publication: 1999
Title: Study in the Netherlands 2000-2001
Publisher: Nuffic
Year of publication: 2000
Title: The Netherlands Fellowships Programme
Publisher: Federation of Institutes for International Education (FION) and NUFFIC
Year of publication: 2000
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION & EXCHANGES
Principal national bodies responsible for dealing with international cooperation and exchanges in higher education:
Nuffic (Netherlands Organization for International Cooperation in Higher Education)
PO Box 29777Kortenaerkade 112502LT The HagueNetherlands
Tel: +31(70) 426-0260
Fax: +31(70) 426-0399
Telex: 33565 nufic nl
Cable: 33565 nufic nl
EMail: nuffic@nuffic.nl
WWW: http://www.nuffic.nl/index-en.html

Participation of country in multilateral or bilateral higher education programmes
Name of exchange programme: Cultural Agreement Programmes
Name of exchange programme: Huygens Programme
Name of exchange programme: LEONARDO
Name of exchange programme: SOCRATES
Name of exchange programme: Tempus
GRADING SYSTEM
Usual grading system in secondary school
Full Description: 10-uitmuntend(excellent);9-zeer goed(very good); 8-goed(good); 7-ruim voldoende (very satisfactory); 6-voldoende(pass); 5-bijna voldoende (fail);4-onvoldoende(unsatisfactory);3:zeer onvoldoende(very unsatisfactory);2:slecht(poor);1:zeer slecht(very poor)
Highest on scale: 10
Pass/fail level: 6/5
Lowest on scale: 1
Main grading system used by higher education institutions
Full Description: 10-uitmuntend (excellent); 9-zeer goed (very good); 8-goed (good); 7-ruim voldoende (very satisfactory); 6-voldoende (pass); 5-bijna voldoende (fail); 4-onvoldoende (unsatisfactory); 3:zeer onvoldoende (very unsatisfactory); 2:slecht (poor).
Highest on scale: 10
Pass/fail level: 6/5
Lowest on scale: 1
Other main grading systems
voldoende/onvoldoende (pass/fail)
NOTES ON HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM


Data for academic year: 2000-2001
Source: Department for International Credential Evaluation, Nuffic, 2000

Poland

INSTITUTION TYPES & CREDENTIALS
Types of higher education institutions:
Uniwersytety (Universities)
Politechniki (Technical Universities)
Akademie Medyczne (Medical Academies)
Akademie Rolnicze (Agricultural Academies)
Akademie Ekonomiczne (Economical Academies)
Wyższe Szkoły Pedagogiczne (Higher Teacher Education Schools)
Akademie Muzyczne, Sztuk Pięknych,Teatralne I Filmowe (Academies of Music, Fine Arts,Theatre,and Cinematography)
Akademie Wychowania Fizycznego (Academies of Physical Education)
Akademie Teologiczne (Theological Academies)
Szkoły Morskie (Merchant Marine Academies)
Szkoły Wojskowe (Military Schools)
Wyższa Szkoła Policji (School of Police)
Państwowe Wyższe Szkoły Zawodowe (State Schools of Higher Vocational Education)
Niepaństwowe Szkoły Wyższe (Non-Public Schools)
Niepaństwowe Wyższe Szkoły Zawodowe (Non-state Schools of Higher Vocational Education)

School leaving and higher education credentials:
Świadectwo dojrzałości
Świadectwo ukończenia (of a given school)
Inżynier
Licencjat
Dyplom ukończenia studiów wyższych
Lekarz
Lekarz stomatolog
Lekarz weterynarii
Magister
Magister edukacji
Magister inżynier
Magister inżynier architek
Magister sztuki
Licencjat II
Master
Świadectwo ukończenia studiów podyplomowych
Doktor
Kwalifikacje pierwszego stopnia
Doktor habilitowany
Kwalifikacje drugiego stopnia


STRUCTURE OF EDUCATION SYSTEM
Pre-higher education:
Duration of compulsory education:
Age of entry: 7
Age of exit: 18
Structure of school system:
Primary
Type of school providing this education: Primary School (Szkola Podstawowa)
Length of program in years: 6
Age level from: 7 to: 13
Certificate/diploma awarded: Swiadectwo ukonczenia szkoly podstawowej - Certificate of Completion of Primary School Education)
Lower Secondary
Type of school providing this education: Gimnasium (Gimnazjum)
Length of program in years: 3
Age level from: 13 to: 16
Certificate/diploma awarded: Swiadectwo ukonczenia gimnazjum (Certificate of Completion of Education in the Gymnasium)
Technical Secondary
Type of school providing this education: Technikum (Technical Secondary School)
Length of program in years: 4
Age level from: 16 to: 20
Certificate/diploma awarded: Swiadectwo dojrzalosci technikum (Maturity Certificate of the Technical Secondary School) or swiadectwo ukończenia Technikum (Certificate of Completion of Education in the Technical Secondary School)
Upper Secondary
Type of school providing this education: Liceum Ogólnoksztalcace (General Lyceum)
Length of program in years: 3
Age level from: 16 to: 19
Certificate/diploma awarded: Swiadectwo dojrzalosci liceum ogólnoksztalcacego (Maturity Cetificate of the General Lyceum) or swiadectwo ukończenia liceum ogólnoksztalcacego (Certificate of Completion of Education in the General Lyceum)
Vocational Secondary
Type of school providing this education: Szkola Zasadnicza (Basic Vocational School)
Length of program in years: 3
Age level from: 16 to: 19
Certificate/diploma awarded: Swiadectwo ukończenia szkoly zasadniczej (Certificate of Completion of Education in the Basic Vocational School)
Vocational Secondary
Type of school providing this education: Liceum Profilowane (Specialized Lyceum)
Length of program in years: 3
Age level from: 16 to: 19
Certificate/diploma awarded: Swiadectwo dojrzalosci liceum profilowanego (Maturity Certificate of the Specialized Liceum) or swiadectwo ukończenia liceum profilowanego (Certificate of Completion of Education in the Specialized Lyceum)
School education:
BEFORE THE 1999 REFORM, primary education lasted for 8 years leading to the conferring of the Swiadectwo Ukonczenia Szkoly Podstawowej (Certificate of Completion of Primary School Education). Secondary general education was provided in the four-year general lyceum (lyceum ogólnoksztalcace). Secondary vocational education was provided by a range of schools , i.e. four-year liceum ( lyceum), liceum zawadowe (vocational lyceum), liceum techniczne (technical lyceum) and a 5-year technikum (secondary technical school). The graduates of all secondary schools were awarded either the Swiadectwo Dojrzalosci (Maturity Certificate of a given kind of secondary school) or the Świadectwo Ukończenia (Certificate of Completion of Education in the given kind of secondary school). Apart from that, there were basic vocational schools (szkola zasadnicza) whose graduates obtained the Swiadectwo Ukonczenia Szkoly Zasadniczej (Certificate of Completion of Education in the basic vocational school). AFTER THE 1999 REFORM, 6-year primary schools and 3-year gymnasia were introduced. Secondary education is provided in 3-year general lyceums (liceum ogólnoksztalcace) or in vocational secondary schools such as the 3-year liceum profilowane (specialized lyceum) and 4-year technikum (secondary technical school). In addition, there are 2-3-year basic vocational schools (zasdnicza szkola zawodowa) whose graduates obtain the Swiadectwo Ukonczenia Zasadniczej Szkoly Zawodowej (Certificate of Completion of Education in the Basic Vocational School). The secondary school credentials of the former system will be issued until 2005. In the transition period, both the former and the new types of secondary school will co-exist. The credential that gives right to enter higher education before and after the reform is the Świadectwo Dojrzałości issued after completion of education in a secondary school and having passed the Maturity examination (Egzamin Dojrzalosci/Matura).The only type of post-primary school that does not give access to higher education is the basic vocational school, both in the old and new system. The graduates of these schools may continue their education in different types of complementary secondary schools: liceum uzupelniajace (complementary lyceum) or technikum uzupelniajace (complementary technical secondary school). Following completion of education in these schools they can pass the maturity examination and obtain a Maturity Certificate and thus become eligible for entrance to higher education
Higher education:
The higher education system comprises both state and non-state institutions. The latter are created on the basis of the 1990 Higher Education Act. Before that, there were only state higher education institutions (with the exception of the Catholic University of Lublin). When the Act on Schools of Higher Professional Education came into force in 1997, courses of higher professional education were created. Thus, at present, there are both university-type and non-university type (professional education) institutions in Poland. Graduates of higher professional courses (offered by państwowe wyższe szkoly zawodowe and wyższe szkoly zawodowe) are awarded the professional title of licencjat or inźynier after 3-4 years' study. Graduates of university-type higher education institutions are awarded the professional title of magister or an equivalent after having followed uniform 5-year magister level courses or 1.5 to 2-year complementary magister level courses (in the case of holders of the professional title of licencjat or inźynier obtained either at university-type institutions or institutions of higher professional education).Most higher education institutions are under the responsibility of the Ministry of National Education and Sport. Some, however, are under the control of other competent Ministries: Ministry of Health (Academies of Medicine) and Ministry of Culture (Academies of Music, Fine Arts, Theatre, and Film Studies). There are also schools that are supervised by the Ministry of National Defence (military schools), the Ministry of Internal Affairs (Main School of Fire Service, School of Police) and the Ministry of Infrastructure (merchant navy schools).The total number of state higher education institutions is 116 and there are 182 non-state higher education institutions. The credential giving access to higher education is the swiadectwo dojrzalosci (Maturity Certificate) of a given kind of secondary school. The most common form of recruitment is the entrance examination.
Main laws/decrees governing higher education:
Decree: Act on Academic Titles and Degrees of 12th September 1990 Year: 1990
Concerns: Requirements for awarding the Doktor & Doktor Habilitowany degrees and the title of Profesor
Decree: Act on Schools of Higher Vocational Education of 26th June 1997 Year: 1997
Concerns: State and non-State professional higher schools
Decree: Higher Education Act of 12th September 1990 Year: 1990
Concerns: civilian, state higher schools; non-public schools
Academic year:
Classes from: Oct to: Jun
Long vacation from: 1 Jul to: 30 Sep
Languages of instruction: Polish
Stages of studies:
Non-university level post-secondary studies (technical/vocational type):
Non-university level:
Non-university level education in Poland is provided by szkoły policealne and szkoły pomaturalne. The szkoły policealne train students in a variety of vocational fields. The graduates obtain the świadectwo ukończenia szkoły policealnej (certificate of completion of education in post-secondary school), and can then take a vocational examination and obtain the dyplom uzyskania tytułu zawodowego (vocational title diploma). The vocational training in this type of schools lasts between 1 and 2.5 years, depending on the field of studies.The szkoły pomaturalne train only nurses and midwives, and the graduates are awarded the dyplom ukończenia szkoły pomaturalnej (diploma of completion of education in the post-secondary school). The duration of education is 2.5 years. Since 1999 the training of nurses and midwives is organized as higher studies.

University level studies:
University level first stage:
First level studies are organized both by university-type higher education institutions and the institutions of higher professional education (wyższe szkoły zawodowe). The graduates obtain the dyplom ukończenia studiów wyższych (diploma of completion of higher studies) and are awarded the professional title of licencjat or inżynier after completing the education and preparing a thesis or diploma project. The duration of studies is 3 to 4 years, depending on the field of study. The graduates can continue their education at university-type institutions in complementary courses of the second level and obtain the title of magister or equivalent. The professional title of licencjat has been awarded since 1992, when new regulations concerning the qualifications in higher education were announced.Military schools and the School of Police award the graduates of first level studies the title of oficer dyplomowany. The Main School of Fire Service grants them the title of inżynier pożarnictwa.
University level second stage:
The studies of the second stage are organized in the university-type higher education institutions as uniform studies lasting 5-6 years or as complementary studies, lasting 1.5 - 2 years, and offered to holders of the professional titles of licencjat or inżynier. The graduates receive dyplom ukończenia studiów wyższych (diploma of completion of higher studies) and are awarded the title of magister or one of its equivalents after submitting and defending of a thesis or a diploma project (with the exception of the studies in Medicine). The holders of the title of magister or its equivalent may continue their education at postgraduate level.These are the professional titles awarded by different kinds of second level higher education studies lasting usually 5 years (it is indicated when the duration of studies is different):- universities: graduates are awarded the title of magister;- technical universities: graduates are awarded the title of magister inżynier;- academies of medicine: graduates are awarded the title of lekarz (in Medicine, after 6 years of studies) or lekarz stomatolog (in Dentistry, after 5 years of studies); the title of magister is awarded to graduates in the fields of Pharmacy and others after 5 years of studies;- academies of agriculture: graduates are awarded the title of magister inżynier or lekarz weterynarii (in Veterinary Medicine, after 5.5 years);- academies of economics: graduates are awarded the title of magister or magister inżynier (in some faculties);- teacher-training schools: graduates are awarded the title of magister edukacji or magister; - schools of arts: graduates are awarded the title of magister sztuki;- academies of physical education: graduates are awarded the title of magister, additionally they are granted the professional title of trener, instruktor rekreacji or instruktor turystyki;- academies of theology: graduates are awarded the title of magister;- merchant navy schools: graduates are awarded the title of magister inżynier;- military schools: graduates are awarded the title of magister, magister inżynier or lekarz (at Wojskowa Akademia Medyczna w Łodzi, after 6 years of studies); additionally, they are also granted the military rank of podporucznik (second lieutenant);- Main School of Fire Service: graduates are awarded the title of magister inżynier pożarnictwa;- non-state higher education schools and higher education institutions of the Catholic Church and other confessions can award the title of magister.
University level third stage:
The academic degree of doktor can be obtained in two ways: by students of doctoral (postgraduate) studies, lasting usually 3-4 years, or by persons who combine their professional work with academic research and elaboration of a dissertation. All candidates must hold the professional title of magister or equivalent. To be awarded the degree of doktor, the candidate must submit and successfully defend a doctoral dissertation assessed positively by two supervisors and pass doctorate examinations.The degree of doktor can be conferred either by higher education institutions or by research institutes entitled to award it. The name of the qualification awarded as an equivalent to the degree of doktor in artistic disciplines is kwalifikacje pierwszego stopnia (first degree qualifications).
University level fourth stage: Doktor Habilitowany:
The degree of doktor habilitowany is awarded to candidates who already hold the degree of doktor. It can be obtained either by academic staff of higher education institutions and research units, or by persons who combine their research work with other professional activities. To be awarded the academic degree of doktor habilitowany the candidate must: have remarkable scientific or artistic achievements; submit a habilitation dissertation which contributes to the development of a given scientific discipline; receive a favourable assessment of his/her dissertation from three supervisors; pass a habilitation examination and deliver a favourably assessed habilitation lecture. The name of the qualification awarded in artistic disciplines as an equivalent to the degree of doktor habilitowany is kwalifikacje drugiego stopnia (second degree qualifications).The holders of the doktor habilitowany degree are eligible for the academic post of professor at higher education institutions and can be awarded the academic title of profesor conferred by the President of the Republic of Poland.

Teacher education:
Training of pre-primary and primary/basic school teachers
Since 1990, teacher training in Poland is organized as tertiary education. Primary school and gymnasium teacher are trained in a kolegium nauczycielskie (teacher training college). There are also foreign language teacher training colleges (nauczycielskie kolegium języków obcych). The graduates are awarded the dyplom ukończenia kolegium nauczycielskiego and the professional title of licencjat (conferred by the higher education institution which supervises the given college).Before 1990, the education of pre-primary and primary teachers was organized in a range of secondary/postsecondary teacher training schools. The qualification awarded was świadectwo dojrzałości (maturity certificate) and/or dyplom ukończenia … of a given kind of school (diploma of completion of education in …. institute). The education of the graduates of primary schools who wanted to become teachers lasted from 4 to 6 years, and that of graduates of secondary schools 2 or 3 years. The names of those teacher training schools and institutes are: liceum pedagogiczne (teacher training lyceum), studium nauczycielskie (teacher-training institute), studium wychowania przedszkolnego (pre-primary education institute), studium nauczania początkowego (beginning learning institute), pedagogiczne studium techniczne (technical teacher training institute).
Training of secondary school teachers
Holders of the degree of magister or its equivalent who have pursued a pedagogical course are eligible. Since 1990 secondary school foreign language teachers can also be trained in foreign language teacher training colleges (nauczycielskie kolegium języków obcych). The graduates are awarded the dyplom ukończenia kolegium nauczycielskiego and the professional title of licencjat (conferred by the higher education institution which supervises a given college).
Training of higher education teachers
Academic teachers are recruited among the holders of academic degrees of doktor and doktor habilitowany. The academic teachers of lower grade can be graduates of higher education institutions, i.e. holders of the degree of magister or its equivalent, who are preparing for the doctorate.

Non-traditional studies:
Lifelong higher education
Higher education institutions and research institutes can organize courses for holders of higher education diplomas (magister equivalent), the aim of which is to update or develop their professional or academic knowledge. Graduates of these courses are awarded the świadectwo ukończenia studiów podyplomowych (certificate of completion of postgraduate studies). The duration of the programme depends on the field of study and the institution.


NATIONAL BODIES
Administration & co-ordination:
Responsible authorities:
Ministry of Education and Sport (Ministerstwo Edukacji Narodowej I Sportu)
Head: Krystyna Łbacka, Minister
al. Szucha 2500-918 WarszawaPoland
Tel: +48(22) 628-04-61
Fax: +48(22) 629-71-11
Telex: 813523 men pl
EMail: minister@menis.gov.pl
WWW: http://www.menis.pl

Role of governing body: Creating educational policies at the national level, coordinating other governing bodies, controlling higher education institutions supervised by this Ministry

Central Council of Higher Education (Rada Główna Szkolnictwa Wyższego)
Head: Stefan Pelczar, President
al. Szucha 2500-918 WarszawaPoland
Tel: +48(22) 629-84-78
Fax: +48(22) 628-84-78

Role of governing body: Cooperates with the Minister of National Education and the other national bodies in the implementation of tasks concerning higher education; in particular, defines the requirements for organizing new fields of study an the conferring of professional titles, as well as minimum curriculum requirements for each field of study

Polish Universities Rectors' Conference
Head: Stefan Jurga, President
Administrative officer: Marek Kreglewski, Secretary-General
ul. Wieniawskiego 100927 PoznanPoland
Tel: +48(61) 829-43-92
Fax: +48(61) 829-44-44
EMail: rectorof@amu.edu.pl
WWW: http://www.krasp.org.pl


State Accreditation Commission (Państwowa Komisja Akredytacyjna)
Head: Andrzej Jamioùkowski, President
Administrative officer: Kazimierz Przybysz, Secretary
al. Szucha 2500-918 WarszawaPoland
Tel: +48(22) 622-36-86
Fax: +48(22) 622-36-86
EMail: pka@menis.gov.pl

Role of governing body: Quality assurance, advisory and controlling tasks in establishing new higher education institutions and concession of licences to organize new fields of study in the existing ones

Central Commission for Academic Degrees and Titles (Centralna Komisja do Spraw Stopni Naukowych i Tytulu Naukowego
Administrative officer: Osman Achmatowicz, Secretary
Pałac Kultury I Naukipl. Defilad 100-901 WarszawaPoland
Tel: +48(22) 826-82-38 +48(22) 620-33-24
Fax: +44(22) 620-33-24

Role of governing body: Supervises the conferring of the academic degrees of Doktor and Doktor Habilitowany; entitles the faculties of the higher education institutions and to research units to award these academic degrees


ADMISSIONS TO HIGHER EDUCATION
Admission to non university higher education studies
Name of secondary school credential required: Świadectwo dojrzałości
Minimum score/requirement: 2 - mierny (mediocre) in the grading scale introduced in 1991; 3 - dostateczny (satisfactory) in the grading scale used before 1991
For entry to: szkoła policealna
Name of secondary school credential required: Świadectwo ukończenia (of a given school)
Minimum score/requirement: 2 - mierny (mediocre) in the grading scale introduced in 1991; 3 - dostateczny (satisfactory) in the grading scale used before 1991
For entry to: szkoła policealna, szkoła pomaturalna
Entrance exams required:
For some courses (according to the institutions) there is an entrance examination. Some institutions also have qualifying tests or qualifying interviews for access to some of their courses.
Other admission requirements:
Sometimes physical and mental predisposition of candidate to exercise a given profession must first be ascertained
Admission to university-level studies
Name of secondary school credential required: Świadectwo dojrzałości
Minimum score/requirement: 2 - mierny (mediocre) in the grading scale introduced in 1991; 3 - dostateczny (satisfactory) in the grading scale used before 1991
For entry to: all institutions of higher education
Entrance exams required: For some courses (according to the institutions) there is an entrance examination. Some institutions also have qualifying tests or qualifying interviews for access to some of their courses.
Numerus clausus/restrictions: Higher education institutions are autonomous in this matter. The number of students is decided by the senate of each institution.
Other admission requirements: Prize-winners of national competitions (olimpiada) in various secondary-school subjects are exempt from entrance examinations.
Foreign students admission
Definition of foreign student: A person enrolled at a Polish higher education institution who is not a permanent resident of Poland
Admission requirements: Candidates must hold a Secondary School-leaving Certificate entitling them to enter higher education in their country. It must be officially recognized as being equivalent to a Polish Maturity Certificate. There are no entrance examinations for foreign students. However, in the case of fields of study in which special abilities are required, applicants must prove they possess them.
Entry regulations: Students must be in possession of a valid passport and a student visa or other document entitling them to stay in Poland. Polish diplomatic missions abroad offer information on studies in Poland (application forms) and assistance in applying.
Health requirements: Candidates seeking to be admitted to higher studies should submit a health certificate enabling them to study in the selected discipline.
Language requirements: Candidates must attend a Polish language course preparing for higher studies organized by one of the institutions recommended by the Minister of National Education and Sport or obtain confirmation of the host institution that their command of Polish is sufficient to enrol. Some faculties also offer courses in foreign langauges (mostly English or German).
Application procedures:
Apply to individual institution for entry to: All courses and programmes without a scholarship obtained on the basis of a bilateral agreement . on cultural and scientific exchange. Candidates can also apply via Polish diplomatic missions.
Apply to national body for entry to: All institutions of higher education and all academic programmes for those who are awarded a scholarship obtained on the basis of a bilateral agreement on cultural and scientific exchange
Apply to:
Biuro Uznawalności Wykstałcenian i Wymiany Międzynarodowej / Bureau for Academic Recognition and International Exchange via Embassy/Consulate
Smolna 1300-375 WarszawaPoland
Tel: +48(22 )826-74-34
Fax: +48(22) 826-28-23
EMail: biuro@buwiwm.edu.pl
WWW: http://www.buwiwl.edu.pl

Application closing dates:
For non-university level (technical/vocational type) studies: 15 Jun
For university level studies: 15 Jun
For advanced/doctoral studies: 15 Jun
Recognition of studies & qualifications:
Studies pursued in home country (System of recognition/accreditation): The State Accreditation Commission (Państwowa Komisja Akredytacyjna) is responsible for quality assurance, advisory and controlling tasks in establishing new higher education institutions and concession of licences to organize new fields of study in the existing ones.
Studies pursued in foreign countries (bodies dealing with recognition of foreign credentials):
ENIC/NARIC, Bureau for Academic Recognition and International Exchange
Head: Ewa Majdowska, Deputy Director
ul. Smolna 1300-375 WarszawaPoland
Tel: +48(22) 828-81-61
Fax: +48(22) 826-28-23
Telex: 813523 men pl
EMail: biuro@buwiwm.edu.pl
WWW: http://www.buwiwm.edu.pl

Deals with credential recognition for entry to: University and Profession
Services provided & students dealt with: Information and guidance; confirmation of recognition of credentials issued by higher education institutions from countries with which Poland has signed bilateral/multilateral agreements on mutual recognition of studies

Other information sources on recognition of foreign studies: The bodies responsible for the recognition of foreign credentials (higher education diplomas) are higher education institutions, and particularly the councils of faculties entitled to confer the academic degree of doktor. The recognition of foreign academic degrees can be obtained also in a higher education institution: these rights are given to a council of faculty entitled to award the academic degree of doktor habilitowany. The above refers to cases of credentials obtained in the countries with which Poland has not signed bilateral agreements on recognition of education. In case when such an agreement exists, no formal recognition procedure is required, though the holder of a foreign credential issued in one of these countries can obtain a confirmation of the recognition of his/her qualifications in the appropriate ministry (depending on the fields of study): in artistic disciplines – Ministry of Culture; medical studies – Ministry of Health; merchant navy schools – Ministry of Infrastructure; military schools – Ministry of National Defence etc. Other graduates should apply to the Ministry of National Education and Sport via Polish ENIC/NARIC.
Special provisions for recognition:
For access to non-university post-secondary studies: All applicants must submit a secondary-leaving certificate recognised as equivalent to Polish maturity certificate or with Polish certificate of completion of education in a secondary school. Local educational authorities provide the recognition of foreign certificates from the countries with which Poland has not signed any bilateral/multilateral agreements on the mutual recognition of education credentials. Credentials issued in the latter countries do not need to be submitted to any recognition procedure and shall be accepted by the education institutions as equivalent to the Polish ones.
For access to university level studies: All applicants must submit a secondary-leaving certificate recognised as equivalent with Polish maturity certificate, either on the basis of a bilateral/multilateral agreement on mutual recognition of school credentials, or – in case such an agreement does not exist – the certificate must be recognised by the local educational authority – kuratorium oświaty – proper for the place of residence of the applicant.
For access to advanced studies and research: All applicants must submit complete official academic documents together with their application form to higher education institution or research institute. In case there is no bilateral agreement between Poland and the country in which the credentials were issued, his/her studies must be first recognised as equivalent with a given kind of studies in Poland.
For the exercise of a profession: In the case of graduates from countries with which Poland has signed bilateral agreements on mutual recognition of education, the applicants must present relevant documents to the appropriate Ministry (see above), and in some cases (e.g. medical professions) fulfil the requirements of the professional body conferring rights to exercise given profession. The graduates from other countries must recognise their credentials at a higher education institution first, and then fulfil the requirements of professional bodies too.
Multilateral agreements concerning recognition of foreign studies
Name of agreement: European Convention on the Academic Recognition of University Qualifications
Year of signature: 1994
Name of agreement: European Convention on the Equivalence of Diplomas Leading to Admission to Universities
Year of signature: 1994
Name of agreement: European Convention on the Equivalence of Periods of University Studies
Year of signature: 1994
Name of agreement: Lisbon Convention. Convention on the Recognition of Qualifications Concerning Higher Education in the European Region (not ratified)
Year of signature: 1997
Name of agreement: Paris Convention. Convention On the Recognition of Studies, Diplomas and Degrees Concerning Higher Education in the States Belonging To the Europe Region.
Year of signature: 1979
Name of agreement: Prague Convention. Convention on the Mutual Recognition of Equivalence of Documents of Completion of Education in Secondary Schools, Secondary Vocational Schools and Higher Education Institutions, as well as Academic Degrees and Titles
Year of signature: 1972
Name of agreement: Rome Convention. European Convention on the General Equivalence of Periods of University Study
Year of signature: 1994
Bilateral agreements concerning recognition of foreign credentials
Name of agreement: Agreement on Cultural and Scientific Cooperation
Year of signature: 1992
Country/state involved: Ukraine
Name of agreement: Agreement on Cultural and Scientific Cooperation
Year of signature: 1992
Country/state involved: Latvia
Name of agreement: Agreement on Cultural and Scientific Cooperation
Year of signature: 1993
Country/state involved: Kyrgyzstan
Name of agreement: Agreement on Cultural and Scientific Cooperation
Year of signature: 1992
Country/state involved: Estonia
Name of agreement: Agreement on Cultural and Scientific Cooperation
Year of signature: 1998
Country/state involved: Armenia
Name of agreement: Recognition of School Certificates and Higher Education Diplomas
Year of signature: 1978
Country/state involved: Yugoslavia
Name of agreement: Recognition of Studies and Academic Degrees
Year of signature: 1980
Country/state involved: Hungary
Name of agreement: Recognition of Studies, Academic Degrees and Diplomas
Year of signature: 1987
Country/state involved: Czechoslovakia
Name of agreement: Recognition of Studies, Academic Degrees and Titles
Year of signature: 1974
Country/state involved: USSR (former)
Name of agreement: Recognition of Studies, Certificates, Diplomas and Academic Degrees
Year of signature: 1987
Country/state involved: Libya
Name of agreement: Recognition of Studies, Degrees and Diplomas in Higher Education
Year of signature: 1997
Country/state involved: Austria
Name of agreement: Recognition of Studies, Degrees and Diplomas in Higher Education
Year of signature: 1997
Country/state involved: Germany
Name of agreement: Recognition of Studies, Degrees and Titles
Year of signature: 1977
Country/state involved: Bulgaria
Name of agreement: Recognition of Studies, Diplomas and Academic Degrees
Year of signature: 1985
Country/state involved: Syria
References to further information on foreign student admissions and recognition of studies
Title: Study Abroad 2000-2001
Publisher: UNESCO/IBE
Year of publication: 1999

STUDENT LIFE
Main student services at national level
Polish National Career Services Network
ul. Zwierzyniecka 7 c60-813 PoznańPoland
Tel: +48(61) 829-24-95 +48(61) 829-24-96
EMail: bkarier@amu.edu.pl

Category of services provided: Social and welfare services; Employment services
Services available to foreign Students: Yes

Section of Student Affairs, Department of Higher Education, Ministry of National Education and Sport
Al. Szucha 2500-918 WarszawaPoland
Tel: +48(22) 629-72-41
Fax: +48(22) 628-93-29
Telex: 813523 men pl

Category of services provided: Social and welfare services; Special services/Centre for foreign students
Services available to foreign Students: No

National student associations and unions
Independent Student Association (National Committee)
Okólnik 1100-368 WarszawaPoland
Tel: +48(22)827-94-65
Fax: +48(22)827-89-38
Telex: 815439 uw pl

Parliament of Students of the Republic of Poland
Al. Szucha 25/300-918 WarszawaPoland
Tel: +48(22) 625-20-30 +48(22) 621-55-19
Fax: +48(22) 625-20-30 +48(22) 621-55-19
EMail: biuro@psrp.org.pl
WWW: http://www.psrp.org.pl

Polish Students Association (National Council)
ul. Ordynacka 900-364 WarszawaPoland
Tel: +48(22)828-39-92
Fax: +48(22)828-39-90
Telex: 816922 bis pl

Health/social provisions
Social security for home students: Yes
Cost/fee (per year): 400 (Zloty)
Social security for foreign students: Yes
Cost/fee (per year): 400 (Zloty)
Special student travel fares:
By road: Yes
By rail: Yes
By air: Yes
Available to foreign students: Yes
Student expenses and financial aid
Student costs:
Average living costs: 4200 (US Dollar)
Home students tuition fees: Minimum: 0 (Zloty)
Foreign students tuition fees: Minimum: 2000 (Euro)
Type of financial aid available:
Scholarships/grants/fellowships:
Higher vocational/technical studies:
Home: Yes
Foreign: Yes
First Degree studies:
Home: Yes
Foreign: Yes
Advanced/doctoral studies:
Home: Yes
Foreign: Yes
Loans:
Higher vocational/technical studies:
Home: Yes
Foreign: No
First degree studies:
Home: Yes
Foreign: No
Advanced/doctoral studies:
Home: Yes
Foreign: No
Bodies providing information on student financial aid:
Bureau for Academic Recognition and International Exchange, Ministry of National Education
Smolna 1300-375 WarszawaPoland
Tel: +48(22) 826-74-34
Fax: +48(22) 826-28-23
EMail: biuro@buwiwm.edu.pl
WWW: http://www.buwiwm.edu.pl

Deals with: Grants
Category of students: Scholarships only granted on the basis of the agreements on scientific and cultural cooperation signed between the government of the particular country and the government of Poland; allocates scholarships in the following programmes: CEEPUS, Kościuszkowski Foundation and Fulbright Program

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION & EXCHANGES
Principal national bodies responsible for dealing with international cooperation and exchanges in higher education:
Bureau for Academic Recognition and International Exchange, Ministry of National Education
ul. Smolna 1300-375 WarszawaPoland
Tel: +48(22) 826-74-34
Fax: +48(22) 826-28-23

Participation of country in multilateral or bilateral higher education programmes
Name of exchange programme: Ceepus
Name of exchange programme: Erasmus
Name of exchange programme: Socrates
Name of exchange programme: Tempus

GRADING SYSTEM
Usual grading system in secondary school
Full Description: 6 - 1 (excellent (celujacy), very good (bardzo dobry), good (dobry), satisfactory (dostateczy), unsatisfactory (niedostateczny), mediocre (mierny),fail: often, the marks '+' and '-' are added to the principal grades)
Highest on scale: 6 (excellent)
Pass/fail level: 2 (satisfactory)
Lowest on scale: 1 (fail)
Main grading system used by higher education institutions
Full Description: 5 - 2 (5 very good, 4 good, 3 satisfactory, 2 unsatisfactory)
Highest on scale: 5 (very good)
Pass/fail level: 3 (satisfactory)
Lowest on scale: 2 (unsatisfactory)
Other main grading systems
For non-final exams, the marks '+' and '-' are often added to the principal grades. In some schools the grade 6 (excellent) exists.

NOTES ON HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM

Data for academic year: 2001-2002